New Frontiers of Policy Evaluation in Regional Science (New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 52)

Preface
Contents
Part I Theoretical Research in Policy Evaluation
	1 Trade, Capital Accumulation, and Wage Differentials: A Dynamic Model of the Comparative Advantage Theory
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 The Dynamic Model
		1.3 The Growth Pathway
			1.3.1 Analysis when each Region Is Superior in One Good
			1.3.2 Analysis when One Region Is Superior in both Goods
		1.4 Conclusion
		References
	2 Ex Post Risk Management of Environmental Contamination of Municipal Water
		2.1 Ex Post Risk Management Method
			2.1.1 Institutional Types of Ex Post Management
			2.1.2 Benefits and Limitations of the Ex Post Risk Management System
			2.1.3 Environmental Risk and Ex Post Management
			2.1.4 Tap Water Pollution Risk and Ex Post Management
		2.2 Water Pollution Risk Sharing Model
			2.2.1 Settings
			2.2.2 Regional Government\'s Decision-Making Problem
			2.2.3 Decision-Making Problem of Insurance Providers
				Benchmark Case
				Asymmetric Information Case
		2.3 Implications for Risk Sharing System
			2.3.1 Implications of the Insurance System Applicability
			2.3.2 Implications for the Insurance System Design
			2.3.3 No Applicability of the Insurance System
		2.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	3 Endogenizing the Reservation Value in Models of Land Development over Time and Under Uncertainty Revisited
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Land Development over Time and Under Uncertainty
			3.2.1 The Theoretical Framework
			3.2.2 The Maximization Problem
			3.2.3 The Optimal Reservation Value
			3.2.4 A Numerical Example
		3.3 Conclusions
		References
	4 Illegal Dumping of Industrial Garbage and an Optimal TaxSystem
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Model
			4.2.1 Dischargers
			4.2.2 Haulers and Landfill Operators
			4.2.3 Tax Expenditure
		4.3 Optimal Tax Rate in the Single-Region Model
			4.3.1 Social Optimum
			4.3.2 Equilibrium Without a Tax Policy
			4.3.3 Strict Monitoring Policy
			4.3.4 Subsidy Policy
		4.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	5 Natural Disasters, Disaster Recovery Policies, and Regional Economy
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Basic Model of Natural Disasters and the Regional Economy
		5.3 Natural Disaster and Interregional Migration
		5.4 The Model of Multiple Equilibrium
		5.5 Production Function with Infrastructure
		5.6 High-Demand City and Low-Demand City
		5.7 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	6 An Investigation of Hierarchical Central Place Systems and Optimal Spatial Structures for Improving Regional Welfare
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 A Spatial Model
		6.3 Hypothetical Analysis
		6.4 Regional Sustainability
		6.5 Further Avenues for Inquiry
		6.6 Concluding Comments
		References
	7 Agglomeration and Dispersion Mechanism of City System with Interior Structure
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The Model
			7.2.1 Household Behavior
			7.2.2 Firm Behavior
			7.2.3 Indirect Utility Function
			7.2.4 Rent Curve
			7.2.5 Population of Industrial Workers
			7.2.6 Urban Income
			7.2.7 Industrial Wage Equation
		7.3 Theoretical Considerations
			7.3.1 The Case of Infinite Interregional Transportation Costs (τkk == 0)
			7.3.2 The Case when Interregional Transportation Costs Are 0 (τkk == 1)
		7.4 Numerical Simulations
			7.4.1 Simulation Concepts
			7.4.2 Setting Parameters and Simulation Cases
			7.4.3 Simulation Results
				Case (1)
				Case (2)
				Cases (3) and (4)
				Case (5)
				Changes in Distance to City Limits
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	8 Emission Standards Versus Emission Taxes with Foreign Firms
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The Model
		8.3 Unilateral Environmental Policies
			8.3.1 Emission Standard
			8.3.2 Emission Tax
			8.3.3 Comparison of the Two Policies
		8.4 Bilateral Environmental Policies
			8.4.1 Emission Standard
			8.4.2 Emission Tax
			8.4.3 Comparison of the Two Policies
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	9 Budget Deficits of the Central Government and the Decentralization of Local Governments
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 The Changing Tone of National Finances
			9.2.1 The Rapid Increase in the National Debt
			9.2.2 A Change in the Administration of Public Finances
			9.2.3 Problems with the Reforms
		9.3 Initial and Revised Budgets
			9.3.1 Introducing the Correction Rate
			9.3.2 Economic Monetary Policy and the Issuance of Government Bonds
		9.4 Worsening Local Finances
			9.4.1 The Initial and Revised Budgets of Local Governments
			9.4.2 The Relationship Between Public Works Spending and Normal Construction Funds
			9.4.3 The Role of Local Tax Allocations
			9.4.4 Special Accounts in the Local Tax Allocation System
		9.5 Changes in Local Populations
			9.5.1 Population Increases
			9.5.2 The Population Increase Rate
			9.5.3 In-Migration Rates in Large Cities
			9.5.4 The Merging of Municipalities and Discussions Around Integration of Prefectures (Introducing a Do-Shu System)
			9.5.5 Important Points Regarding Prefectural Integration
		9.6 Conclusion
		References
Part II Empirical Research in Policy Evaluation
	10 Socioeconomic Factors Affecting the Innovativeness of Start-Ups in Japan: Comparative Analysis Between Social Enterprises and Commercial Enterprises
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Literature Review and Hypotheses
			10.2.1 Literature Review
			10.2.2 Hypotheses
		10.3 Analytical Method and Analytical Results
			10.3.1 Analytical Method and Data
			10.3.2 Analytical Results
		10.4 Conclusions
		References
	11 Multi-Agent Simulation for Prediction of Human Behavior During a Hypothetical Earthquake
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Multi-Agent Simulation for Disaster Behavior
			11.2.1 Human Behavior and Intelligent Agents
			11.2.2 Multi-Agent Simulation
			11.2.3 Concept of Simulation and Procedure
		11.3 Several Preparations for Simulation Analysis
			11.3.1 Execution of the Preliminary Model
			11.3.2 Motivation of Evacuation Activity
		11.4 Simulation on Evacuation of Inhabitants Against Tsunami Disaster
			11.4.1 Hypothetical Earthquake and Tsunami
			11.4.2 Survey on Evacuation Behavior
			11.4.3 Classification of Human Evacuation Behavior Patterns
			11.4.4 Establishment of Simulation Space (Fig. 11.12)
			11.4.5 Action Rule Bases of Agent as Evacuee
			11.4.6 Practical Simulation Analysis on Evacuation Due to Tsunami Disaster
		11.5 Analyses of Simulation on Return Home During Earthquake Disaster
			11.5.1 Outline of Model Building
			11.5.2 Hypothetical Earthquake and Practical Study Area
			11.5.3 Surveys on Return Home Trip Behaviors
			11.5.4 Establishment of the Simulation Space
			11.5.5 Number of Agents Used with Simulation and Their Attributes
			11.5.6 Choice Model of Return Home
			11.5.7 Some Results of Simulation in the Existing Case
			11.5.8 Analysis on Changes of Return Home Activities in Assumed Scenarios
			11.5.9 Analysis on Allocation of Temporary Staying Shelters
			11.5.10 Results and Consideration
		11.6 Conclusion and Remarks
		References
	12 Dynamic Changes in Food Consumption in China: Focusing on the Rice Retail Market
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Literature Review
			12.2.1 Development of Brand Theory and Agricultural Product Brand
			12.2.2 Retail Market Development and E-Commerce
			12.2.3 Brand Analysis on Agricultural Products and Rice in China and Japan
			12.2.4 Sustainable Diets and Food Market
		12.3 Analytical Framework and Methods
			12.3.1 Analytical Framework and Hypotheses
			12.3.2 Data and Analytical Methods
		12.4 Analytical Results
			12.4.1 Results from Hedonic Rice Function
			12.4.2 Results from Actual Store Survey
		12.5 Concluding Remarks and Policy Implication
		References
	13 Ecological Migration Policy and Livestock Farm Management
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 China\'s Localized Economic Policies and Ecological Migrants
		13.3 Overview and Industries in the Survey Area
		13.4 Description and Implementation Status of the Ecological Migration Program
		13.5 How the Ecological Migration Policy Impoverishes Workers
		13.6 Direct Impact of Ecological Migration on Household Finances
			13.6.1 State of Ecological Migrants\' Household Finances
			13.6.2 Estimated Impact on Household Finances While Continuing to Engage in Livestock Farming
			13.6.3 Comparison Between the Simulation and Actual Circumstances
			13.6.4 Problems with the Ecological Migration Policy
		13.7 Conclusion
		References
			
			
	14 Assessment of Policies on Environmental Impacts of Socioeconomic Activities: A Case Study of Kasumigaura Basin, Japan
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Research Methodology
			14.2.1 Outline of the Research Methodology
			14.2.2 Modeling Framework
		14.3 Simulation Model
			14.3.1 Water Pollutants Dynamics Model
				The Total Load of Pollutants Flowing into the Lake
				Pollutant Load in the Sub-Basins of Each River per Municipality
				Pollutants Emitted by Socioeconomic Activities
				Pollutants from Household Wastewater in Each Municipality
				Load of Pollutants from Nonpoint Sources
				Load of Pollutants from Industrial Activities
			14.3.2 Air Pollutant Emission Model
			14.3.3 Socioeconomic Activity Model
				Equipment for Sewage and Rural Community Sewage Services
				Sewage Systems and Rural Community Sewage Systems
				Maintenance Costs of the Sewage System
				Subsidization for the Installation of Combined Treatment Septic Tanks
				Budget Constraints
				Fallow Field Promotion Policy
				Production Function and Curtailment
				Capital Stock Accumulation
				Total Budget of the Prefecture for the Countermeasures
				Flow Balance in the Commodity Market
				Gross Regional Product
			14.3.4 Constraints on the Amount of Air Pollutant Emissions and Water Pollutant Inflow
			14.3.5 Objective Function
		14.4 Simulation Results
			14.4.1 Changes in the Objective Function
			14.4.2 Changes in Emission Amounts of Air Pollutants and Water Pollutants Flowing into Lake Kasumigaura
			14.4.3 Changes in Accumulative Budget Distribution and Budget Expenditure on Each Policy
		14.5 Conclusion and Suggestion
		References
	15 Industrial Agglomeration Due to High-Speed Railway Investment: A Monopolistic Competition Model ImpactAssessment
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Related Research
			15.2.1 Regional Econometric Models
			15.2.2 Computable General Equilibrium Models
			15.2.3 Monopolistic Competition Models
			15.2.4 Position of This Research
		15.3 Impact of the Linear Chuo Shinkansen
			15.3.1 Changes in Traffic Time
			15.3.2 Changes in Service Input
			15.3.3 Love of Variety and Productivity
		15.4 Monopolistic Competition Model
			15.4.1 Basic Concept
			15.4.2 Final Demand Sector
			15.4.3 Production Sector
			15.4.4 Factor Markets
			15.4.5 Number of Firms
		15.5 Parameter Estimation
			15.5.1 Interregional Input-Output Table
			15.5.2 Estimation of Logistics Service Cost
			15.5.3 Estimation of Information Service Costs
			15.5.4 Estimation Results
		15.6 Quantitative Analysis of the Maglev Line from Tokyo to Osaka
			15.6.1 Case Setting
			15.6.2 Maglev Line Between Tokyo and Nagoya
			15.6.3 Maglev Line Between Tokyo and Osaka
		15.7 Conclusion
		Appendix 1: Expenditure of the Final Demand Sector
		Appendix 2: Expenditures in the Production Sector
		References
	16 Performance Rankings of Asia-Pacific Supercities by Means of Data Envelopment Analysis
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Data Envelopment Analysis as a Tool for Tracing Asia-Pacific Supercities
		16.3 The Database and Analytical Framework for the Asia-Pacific Cities
		16.4 Sensitivity Analysis for DEA Applications
			16.4.1 A Sensitivity Analysis Matrix
			16.4.2 Results of Sensitivity Analysis in SE-CCR and SE-SBM Models
			16.4.3 Results of Sensitivity Analysis on Information Variation
				Sensitivity Analysis for Input and Output Item Elimination
				Sensitivity Analysis for Efficient DMU Elimination Case
			16.4.4 Standard Deviations of the DEA Score, Optimum Weights for Input and Output Items
		16.5 Efficiency Improvement Projection
			16.5.1 Outline of the Distance Friction Minimization (DFM) Approach
			16.5.2 Efficiency Improvement Projection Based on CCR, SBM and DFM model
		16.6 Conclusions and Lessons
		References
	17 Chinese Internal Migration and Income Disparity in 1980s and 1990s - A Two-area (Urban and Rural), Two-sector (Formal and Informal) Model Based on An Extended Gravity Formula
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Definition of Regional Division and Population Migration
			17.2.1 Regional Division and China Western Development
			17.2.2 Formal and Informal Sector Definition
			17.2.3 Definition of Urban Formal and Urban Informal Sector
			17.2.4 Definition of Rural Formal and Rural Informal Sector
			17.2.5 The Actual Situation of the Informal Sector in China
			17.2.6 Population Migration
		17.3 Model Structure
			17.3.1 Population Migration Functions
			17.3.2 Labor Productivity Functions
				Urban Labor Productivity
				Rural Labor Productivity
				The Number of Labor Force Functions
			17.3.3 Regional Definition Formula
		17.4 Final Test and Simulation
			17.4.1 Final Test Results
			17.4.2 Simulations
		17.5 Conclusion
		Appendix 1: Model Structure
		Appendix 2: Variable Table
		References
	18 Output and Profit Effects of Backward Integration Through Joint Projects: A Successive Cournot Oligopoly Model of the Real Estate Industry
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Real Estate Industries Formed by Independent Upstream-Downstream Oligopolists
		18.3 Backward Integrations of Successive Oligopolists by Means of Joint Projects
		18.4 Comparison of Profits and Welfare Based on Transaction Patterns Concerning Vertical Integrations
		18.5 Conclusion
		References
	19 Analysis of Regional Agricultural Productivity Growth Using the Malmquist Productivity Index: The Case of Chugoku, Japan
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Methods
			19.2.1 Hypothesis
				Changes in the Concentration of Rural Agribusinesses
				Structural Change of Regional Agriculture
				Initial Conditions (Initial Environment Related to Agricultural Resource Use)
			19.2.2 Econometric Model for Measurement
		19.3 Data Collection
			19.3.1 Target Area and Target Period
			19.3.2 Variables
				Growth Index of Regional Agriculture
				Indicators of Factors Affecting the Agricultural Productivity
		19.4 Results and Discussion
			19.4.1 Growth Characteristics of Regional Agriculture
			19.4.2 Factors Affecting the Growth of Regional Agriculture
		19.5 Summary
		References