New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture

Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
Part I: Abiotic Stress Response in Plants and Approaches Towards Mitigation
	1: Physiological Responses and Resilience of Plants to Climate Change
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 Climate Change and Limiting Factors for Crop Development
		1.3	 Physiological Responses of Plants to Climate Change
		1.4	 Resilience of Plant to Climate Change
			1.4.1	 Avoidance Mechanism
			1.4.2	 Physiological Mechanisms
				1.4.2.1	 Phytohormonal Modulation
				1.4.2.2	 ROS Scavenging Systems
				1.4.2.3	 Signal Sensing, Transduction and Stress Response
				1.4.2.4	 Heat-Shock Proteins (HSPs)
		1.5	 Approaches Towards Improved Understanding of Resilience
		1.6	 Intervention for Expanding Resilience
		1.7	 Conclusion
		References
	2: Allelopathy: Implications in Natural and Managed Ecosystems
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Allelopathy: Basics of the Discipline
		2.3	 Mechanism of Allelopathy
		2.4	 Role of Allelopathy in Natural Ecosystem
		2.5	 Role of Allelopathy in Managed Ecosystem
		2.6	 Prospective and Challenges in Allelopathic Research
		2.7	 Conclusions
		References
	3: Effect of Drought Stress on Crop Production
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Morphological Effect
			3.2.1	 Growth
			3.2.2	 Yield
		3.3	 Physiological Effects
			3.3.1	 Association Between Water Availability and Nutrient Requirement
			3.3.2	 Effect on Photosynthesis
			3.3.3	 Assimilate Partitioning
		3.4	 Drought Stress Causing Oxidative Damage
		3.5	 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	4: Impact of Salinity Stress in Crop Plants and Mitigation Strategies
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Effect of Salinity on Crop Plants
			4.2.1	 Effect on Seed Germination and Growth
			4.2.2	 Effects on Photosynthesis
			4.2.3	 Effect on Water Relations
			4.2.4	 Effect on Lipids and Proteins
			4.2.5	 Effect on Antioxidative Machinery
			4.2.6	 Effect on Yield of Crop Plants
		4.3	 Mitigation Strategies for Salinity
			4.3.1	 Salinity Mitigation by Employing Proper Management Practices
			4.3.2	 Salinity Mitigation Using Bacteria and Mycorrhizal Fungi
			4.3.3	 Mitigation of Salinity Stress by Exploiting Plant Salinity Tolerance and Transgenics
		References
	5: Sustainable Production of Rice Under Sodicity Stress Condition
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Sodicity Trend Around the Globe and India
		5.3	 Sodicity as a Property
		5.4	 Sodicity as a Constrain in Rice Production
		5.5	 Strategies for Rice Production Under Sodicity
			5.5.1	 Vegetative Bioremediation
			5.5.2	 Incorporating Inorganic Fertilizers by Organic Amendments
			5.5.3	 Reutilisation of Drainage Water
				5.5.3.1	 Cyclic Reuse
				5.5.3.2	 Reuse After Blending
				5.5.3.3	 Sequential Reuse
			5.5.4	 Molecular Approach Towards Sustainable Rice Production Under Sodicity
		5.6	 Future Prospects Towards Sustainable Rice Production
		References
	6: Chilling Stress During Postharvest Storage of Fruits and Vegetables
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Symptoms of Chilling Injury
		6.3	 Causes of Varied Response to Chilling Stress
		6.4	 Response to Chilling Stress by Fruits and Vegetables
		6.5	 Alleviation of Chilling Stress During Postharvest Storage
			6.5.1	 Manipulation in Storage Temperature
			6.5.2	 Pre-storage Chemical Treatments
			6.5.3	 Pre-storage Physical Treatment
			6.5.4	 Modulating Storage Conditions
		6.6	 Conclusion
		References
	7: Chemical Stress on Plants
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Micronutrient Stress in Plants
			7.2.1	 Micronutrients and Their Role
				7.2.1.1	 Zinc (Zn)
				7.2.1.2	 Iron (Fe)
				7.2.1.3	 Copper (Cu)
				7.2.1.4	 Manganese (Mn)
				7.2.1.5	 Nickel (Ni)
				7.2.1.6	 Molybdenum (Mo)
				7.2.1.7	 Boron (B)
				7.2.1.8	 Chloride (Cl)
			7.2.2	 Strategies to Reduce Micronutrient Stress
				7.2.2.1	 Soil Deficient in Micronutrients
			7.2.3	 Methods Used for Supply of Micronutrients to the Plants
		7.3	 Heavy Metal Stress in Plants
			7.3.1	 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination
			7.3.2	 Heavy Metals and Its Impact on Crops
				7.3.2.1	 Arsenic
				7.3.2.2	 Lead
				7.3.2.3	 Cadmium (Cd)
				7.3.2.4	 Mercury (Hg)
				7.3.2.5	 Chromium (Cr)
				7.3.2.6	 Antimony (Sb)
			7.3.3	 Mitigation Measures to Tackle Heavy Metal Stress in Plants
		7.4	 Air Pollution Stress on Plants
			7.4.1	 Air Pollution Types
				7.4.1.1	 Primary Air Pollutants
				7.4.1.2	 Secondary Air Pollutants
			7.4.2	 Effect of Air and Water Pollution on Crops
				7.4.2.1	 Factors Associated with Plant Response to Air Pollution
				7.4.2.2	 Uptake of Pollutants
				7.4.2.3	 Effect on Cuticle and Stomata
			7.4.3	 Physiological and Biochemical Impact on Plants/Crops
				7.4.3.1	 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
				7.4.3.2	 Oxides of Nitrogen
				7.4.3.3	 Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN)
				7.4.3.4	 Fluorides (F)
				7.4.3.5	 Ozone (O3)
			7.4.4	 Toxicity Effects of Pollutants on Plant
				7.4.4.1	 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
				7.4.4.2	 Ozone (O3)
				7.4.4.3	 Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN)
				7.4.4.4	 Fluorides (F)
				7.4.4.5	 Oxides of Nitrogen
			7.4.5	 Stress Management in Plants
				7.4.5.1	 Stress Avoidance
		7.5	 Emerging Pollutants Stress
		References
	8: The Role of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Mutations in the Development of Rice Cultivars
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Ionizing Radiation: Types and Mechanism of Mutation Induction
		8.3	 Crop Improvement Through Ionizing Radiation
		8.4	 The Scenario of Rice Cultivars Developed with Ionizing Radiation
			8.4.1	 Ionizing Radiation-Induced Improvements in Other Crops
			8.4.2	 Prospects and Challenges
		8.5	 Conclusions
		References
	9: Adverse Effect of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants’ Metabolic Systems and Biotechnological Approaches for Its Tolerance Mechanism
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 Phytotoxic Effects of Heavy Metals in Plants
			9.2.1	 Arsenic (As)
			9.2.2	 Cadmium (Cd)
			9.2.3	 Lead (Pb)
			9.2.4	 Chromium (Cr)
			9.2.5	 Nickel (Ni)
			9.2.6	 Selenium (Se)
			9.2.7	 Mercury (Hg)
		9.3	 Genetic Engineering for Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance
			9.3.1	 Hormonal Approaches
		9.4	 Microbial Engineering for Heavy Metal Tolerance
		9.5	 Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics for Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance in Plants
		9.6	 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	10: Crop Growth Under Heavy Metals Stress and Its Mitigation
		10.1	 Introduction
			10.1.1	 Pathways of Heavy Metal Absorption
			10.1.2	 Inhibition of Seed Germination Under Heavy Metal Stress
			10.1.3	 Growth and Development of Plants Under Heavy Metal Stress
			10.1.4	 Plant Defense Mechanism Against Heavy Metals Stress
			10.1.5	 Mitigation Options
				10.1.5.1	 Mechanical/Physical Methodologies
				10.1.5.2	 Chemical Methodologies
				10.1.5.3	 Biological Remedies
					Use of Hyperaccumulator Plants
					Phytovolatilization
					Use of Microbes
		10.2	 Conclusion
		References
	11: Conservation of Tropical Agriculture in the Era of Changing Climate
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 The Scenario of Changing Climate for Tropics Including India
		11.3	 Ecosystem Services Provided by Soil
		11.4	 Climate Change Anticipated Outcomes for Agriculture
		11.5	 Conservation Strategies
			11.5.1	 Modernization of Agriculture
			11.5.2	 Change in Cropping System/Practice
			11.5.3	 Groundwater Recharge and Judicious Use of Surface Water Supply
			11.5.4	 Water Conservational Practices
			11.5.5	 Livestock Management
			11.5.6	 Awareness, Research, and Modeling Approach
		11.6	 Conclusions
		References
	12: Alleviation of Abiotic Stress by Nonconventional Plant Growth Regulators in Plant Physiology
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Nonconventional Growth Substances: A Glimpse
		12.3	 Array of Secondary Metabolites Influencing the Abiotic Stress Factors
		12.4	 Influence and Interaction of Common Plant Growth Regulators for Secondary Metabolites
		12.5	 Metabolomics with Regards to Secondary Metabolites Under Environmental Fluctuations
		12.6	 Regulation in Growth at Molecular Level: A Complicated Cascade with Stress Signal
		12.7	 Phenomics with Plant Growth Regulation
		12.8	 Category of Plant Growth Substances Through Induced Fluorescence Under Stress
		12.9	 Linking of ROS to Secondary Metabolites
		12.10	 Signalling Cascades for Plant Growth Regulators Inducing Stress Tolerance
		12.11	 Cross Road of ROS Through Different Cellular Functionales with Reference to Growth Regulators
		12.12	 Transcription Factor Families: Responses to Abiotic Stresses Through Growth Regulators
		12.13	 Conclusion(s)
		References
	13: Use of Different Agronomic Practices to Minimize Ozone Injury in Plants: A Step Toward Sustainable Agriculture
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Mechanism of Action of O3 in Plants
		13.3	 Effect of O3 on Plants
		13.4	 O3 Mitigation Using Different Agronomic Practices
			13.4.1	 CO2 Fertilization
			13.4.2	 Nutrient Amendments
		13.5	 Conclusion
		References
	14: Micro-nutrient Seed Priming: A Pragmatic Approach Towards Abiotic Stress Management
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Role of Different Micro-nutrient in Plants
			14.2.1	 Zinc (Zn)
			14.2.2	 Boron (B)
			14.2.3	 Iron (Fe)
			14.2.4	 Manganese (Mn)
			14.2.5	 Copper (Cu)
			14.2.6	 Molybdenum (Mo)
			14.2.7	 Chlorine (Cl)
		14.3	 Plant Responses Under Various Abiotic Stresses
			14.3.1	 Plant Responses Under Micro-nutrient Stress
			14.3.2	 Plant Responses to Temperature Stress
			14.3.3	 Plant Responses to Drought
			14.3.4	 Plant Responses to Cold and Chilling
			14.3.5	 Plant Responses to Flooding
		14.4	 Why Micro-nutrient Seed Priming
		14.5	 Mechanism of Seed Priming
			14.5.1	 Zn Seed Priming
			14.5.2	 Boron Seed Priming
			14.5.3	 Iron Seed Priming
			14.5.4	 Manganese Seed Priming
			14.5.5	 Molybdenum Seed Priming
			14.5.6	 Chloride Seed Priming
		14.6	 Conclusion
		References
	15: Bioactive Compost: An Approach for Managing Plant Growth in Environmentally Stressed Soils
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 Composting and Its Different Phases
		15.3	 Microbial Composition of the Compost
			15.3.1	 Bacteria
			15.3.2	 Actinomycetes
			15.3.3	 Fungi
		15.4	 Active Microbial Supplementation and Their Role in Compost
		15.5	 Compost as Bio-fertilizer
		15.6	 Conclusion
		References
	16: Seed Priming: Implication in Agriculture to Manage Salinity Stress in Crops
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Salinity and Crops’ Responses
		16.3	 Seed Priming and Its Role in Salinity Alleviation
		16.4	 Mechanism of Salinity Alleviation by Pretreatments
		16.5	 Conclusion
		References
	17: Application of Nanoparticles in Agriculture as Fertilizers and Pesticides: Challenges and Opportunities
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characters
		17.3	 Application of Nanoparticles as Nanofertilizers and Nanopesticides
		17.4	 Prospects and Challenges
		17.5	 Conclusions
		References
	18: Phenomics-Assisted Breeding: An Emerging Way for Stress Management
		18.1	 Introduction
		18.2	 Phenomics
			18.2.1	 Visible Light (300–700 nm) Imaging
			18.2.2	 Infrared- and Thermal-Based Imaging
			18.2.3	 Fluorescence Imaging
			18.2.4	 Spectroscopy Imaging
			18.2.5	 Integrated Imaging Techniques
		18.3	 Application of Phenomics in Stress Management
			18.3.1	 Phenomics tool for abiotic Stresses
			18.3.2	 Phenomics tool for biotic Stresses
		18.4	 Conclusion
		References
	19: Prediction of Climate Change Using Statistical Downscaling Techniques
		19.1	 Introduction
		19.2	 General Circulation Models (GCMs)
		19.3	 What Is Downscaling?
			19.3.1	 Requirements for a Downscaling Model
			19.3.2	 Early Downscaling in Climate Research
			19.3.3	 Recent Developments
			19.3.4	 Downscaling in Weather Forecasting
		19.4	 Predicting Climate
			19.4.1	 Climate Forcing
				19.4.1.1	 Energy from the Sun Interacts with Land, Water and Air
				19.4.1.2	 Natural and Human-Caused Climate Drivers
				19.4.1.3	 How High Will Radiative Forcing Be in the Future?
				19.4.1.4	 Amplifying Initial Forcings
			19.4.2	 Climate Models
				19.4.2.1	 How We Use Models
				19.4.2.2	 Climate Models and Their Working Principles
				19.4.2.3	 Climate Model Resolution
				19.4.2.4	 How Are Climate Models Tested?
				19.4.2.5	 Using Scenarios to Predict Future Climate
				19.4.2.6	 Results of Current Climate Models
				19.4.2.7	 How Are Climate Models Different from Weather Prediction Models?
			19.4.3	 Future Climate
				19.4.3.1	 Climate Change: Variations in Timing
				19.4.3.2	 Rapid Changes
				19.4.3.3	 Slower Changes
				19.4.3.4	 Changes to the Seasons
		19.5	 Using the Past to Predict the Future
		19.6	 Statistical Downscaling Methods
			19.6.1	 Regression Method
			19.6.2	 Weather Generator Method
			19.6.3	 Weather Typing Method
		19.7	 Applications of Statistical Downscaling
		References
Part II: Improving Crops Resistance to Biotic Stress
	20: Microbial Bioagents in Agriculture: Current Status and Prospects
		20.1	 Introduction
		20.2	 Landmark Milestone Historical Perspective in Plant Disease Controlling Bioagents
		20.3	 Diverse Multiple Functions of Biocontrol Agents
			20.3.1	 Crop Genotype Effect
			20.3.2	 Strain Effectiveness of Biocontrol Agents
		20.4	 Biocontrol Agents
		20.5	 Plant Endophyte as a Biocontrol Agent
		20.6	 Current Research Statuses of Biocontrol Agents
		20.7	 Adoptive Mechanism of Biocontrol Agents
			20.7.1	 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
			20.7.2	 Competition
			20.7.3	 Siderophores
			20.7.4	 Antibiosis
			20.7.5	 Mycoparasitism
		20.8	 Omics and Genetically Engineered Biocontrol Agents
		20.9	 Biocontrol Delivery System
		20.10	 Risk Factors Associated with Release of Biocontrol Agents
		20.11	 Use of Epidemiological Concepts to Improve Efficacy of Biological Control
		20.12	 Development and Commercialization of Biocontrol Agents
			20.12.1	 Sources Where Do We Get Biocontrol Agents
			20.12.2	 Requirements for Successful Biocontrol
			20.12.3	 Commercial Formulations of Biocontrol Agents
		20.13	 Registration and Quality Regulation of Bioagents
		20.14	 Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) of Biocontrol Agents
			20.14.1	 Strength
			20.14.2	 Opportunity
			20.14.3	 Weakness
			20.14.4	 Threats
		20.15	 Concluding Remark and Future Research Prospects
		Bibliography
	21: Application of Plant Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Agriculture
		21.1	 Introduction
		21.2	 Plant VOCs for Improved Plant Fitness
		21.3	 Plant VOCs for Enhanced Defense Against Biotic Stress
			21.3.1	 Plant VOCs in Direct Defense Against Herbivores
			21.3.2	 Plant VOCs in Indirect Defense Against Herbivores
			21.3.3	 Plant Volatile Compounds in Defense Against Pathogens
			21.3.4	 Defense Priming Against Herbivores and Pathogens
		21.4	 Plant VOCs Enhances Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress
		21.5	 Plant VOC-Mediated Weed Control
		21.6	 Conclusion
		References
	22: Biological Host Response: A Paradigm and Strategy to Overcome Biotic Stress Caused by Powdery Mildew Causal Agents in Plants
		22.1	 Introduction
			22.1.1	 Pathogenesis of Powdery Mildew Fungi
			22.1.2	 Life Cycle of Powdery Mildew Fungus
			22.1.3	 Molecular Mechanisms of Powdery Mildew Infection
			22.1.4	 Pathogenicity-Associated Factors
			22.1.5	 The Role of PAMPs and Effectors of Biotrophic Pathogens
			22.1.6	 Plant Defense Against PM Infection
			22.1.7	 Biochemical Responses to Powdery Mildew Infection
			22.1.8	 Gene-for-Gene Resistance R–Avr Gene Interaction
			22.1.9	 Host Susceptibility Factors
		22.2	 Summary
		References
	23: CRISPR/Cas9-Edited Rice: A New Frontier for Sustainable Agriculture
		23.1	 Introduction
		23.2	 Genome-Editing Techniques for Plants
		23.3	 CRISPR/Cas9 System for Fathomless Genetic Engineering
		23.4	 CRISPR/Cas9 in Rice for Increasing Food Production
			23.4.1	 Agronomic Traits Improvement
			23.4.2	 Enhanced Stress Tolerance/Resistance
			23.4.3	 Biofortification
		23.5	 Insights into the CRISPR/Cpf1: An Alternative to CRISPR/Cas9
		23.6	 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Research Highlights in Different Crops
	24: Agronomic Interventions for Drought Management in Crops
		24.1	 Introduction
		24.2	 Effects of Drought on Plants
			24.2.1	 Germination and Plant Growth
			24.2.2	 Water Relation
			24.2.3	 Photosynthesis
			24.2.4	 Assimilate Partitioning
			24.2.5	 Nutrient Relation
			24.2.6	 Yield
		24.3	 Agronomic Practices for Drought Management
			24.3.1	 Mulching
			24.3.2	 Tillage
			24.3.3	 Intercropping
			24.3.4	 Selection of Crop and Varieties
			24.3.5	 Nutrient Management
			24.3.6	 Early Sowing
			24.3.7	 Life-Saving or Supplemental Irrigation
			24.3.8	 Micro Irrigation
		24.4	 Conclusion
		References
	25: Flower Crop Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
		25.1	 Introduction
		25.2	 Characteristics of Abiotic Stresses
		25.3	 Temperature
		25.4	 Effects of Heat Stress
		25.5	 Drought
		25.6	 Effects of Drought Stress
		25.7	 Salinity
		25.8	 Effects of Salt Stress
		25.9	 Effect of Abiotic Stresses in Different Flower Crops
		25.10	 Effect of Biotic Stresses in Different Flower Crops
			25.10.1	 Rose
			25.10.2	 Marigold
			25.10.3	 Tuberose
			25.10.4	 Gladiolus
			25.10.5	 Gerbera
			25.10.6	 Carnation
			25.10.7	 Chrysanthemum
		References
	26: Begomovirus Menace and Its Management in Vegetable Crops
		26.1	 Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
			26.1.1	 Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease (YVMD)
			26.1.2	 Okra Enation Leaf Curl Disease (OELCD)
		26.2	 Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
		26.3	 Cucurbitaceous Vegetables
			26.3.1	 Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia)
			26.3.2	 Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)
			26.3.3	 Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica)
			26.3.4	 Ivy Gourd (Coccinia grandis)
		26.4	 Legumes
			26.4.1	 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
			26.4.2	 French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
		26.5	 Solaneceous Vegetables
			26.5.1	 Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
			26.5.2	 Brinjal (Solanum melongena)
			26.5.3	 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
			26.5.4	 Chilli (Capsicum spp.)
		26.6	 Management of Begomoviruses
			26.6.1	 Cultural Practices
			26.6.2	 Vector Management
			26.6.3	 Breeding for Disease Resistance
		26.7	 Molecular Approaches
			26.7.1	 Molecular Breeding
			26.7.2	 Transgenic Approaches Using Pathogen-Derived Genes
			26.7.3	 Approaches Utilizing Host-Derived Genes
			26.7.4	 CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Achieving Begomovirus Resistance
		References
	27: Management Strategies for Alleviating Abiotic Stresses in Vegetable Crops
		27.1	 Introduction
		27.2	 Effects of Abiotic Stresses on Vegetable Crops
		27.3	 Influence of High Temperature
		27.4	 Effects of Water Stress on Vegetable Crops
		27.5	 Adverse Effects of Deficit Water Stress
		27.6	 Adverse Effects of Excess Water Stress
		27.7	 Soil Salinity
		27.8	 Management Strategies
		27.9	 Adopting Tolerant Cultivars and Crops
		27.10	 Breeding Tolerant Genotypes
		27.11	 Management Through Cultural Practices
		27.12	 Seedling Production Strategies
		27.13	 Seed Priming for Enhancing Better Seedling Establishment
		27.14	 Grafting Technique for Overcoming Abiotic Stresses
		27.15	 Usage of Plant Growth Regulators
		27.16	 Using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
		27.17	 Alterations in Cultivation Practices
		27.18	 Moisture Conservation Practices
		27.19	 Improving Soil Organic Matter Content
		27.20	 Nutrient Management Strategies
		27.21	 Foliar Nutrition Application
		27.22	 Adopting Drip and Micro Sprinkler Irrigation
		27.23	 Water-Saving Irrigation Methods Under Limited Water Availability
		27.24	 Mulching Practices in Vegetable Production
		27.25	 Resorting to Protected Cultivation
		27.26	 Conclusion
		References
	28: Realizing the Potential of Coastal Flood-Prone Areas for Rice Production in West Bengal: Prospects and Challenges
		28.1	 Introduction
		28.2	 Characterization of Coastal Flood-Prone Lowlands in West Bengal
			28.2.1	 Nature and Extent of Distribution of Salt-Affected Soils
			28.2.2	 Soil
			28.2.3	 Climate
			28.2.4	 Nature and Types of Flooding
		28.3	 Coastal Flood-Prone Areas in West Bengal
		28.4	 Constraints of Coastal Flood-Prone Environments
		28.5	 Management Options for Rice Production in Coastal Flood-Prone Environments
			28.5.1	 Crop Management
				28.5.1.1	 Identification of Salt- and Flood-Tolerant Rice Varieties
				28.5.1.2	 Nursery Management
				28.5.1.3	 Crop Establishment Methods
					Conventional Transplanting
					System of Assured Rice Production
					Double Transplanting
				28.5.1.4	 Integrated Nutrient Management
					Nitrogen Management
					Phosphorus Management
					Potassium Management
					Zinc Management
					Use of Organic Manures
					Integrated Use of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers
					Post-submergence Nutrient Management
			28.5.2	 Water Management
			28.5.3	 Soil Management
		28.6	 Conclusions
		References
	29: Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Their Management Strategies in Fruit Crops
		29.1	 Introduction
		29.2	 Major Impact of Abiotic Stress in Fruit Crops
			29.2.1	 Morphological and Physio-biochemical Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Fruit Crops
				29.2.1.1	 Water Use Efficiency
				29.2.1.2	 Differential Uptake of Nutrients to Reduce Salt Injury
				29.2.1.3	 Accumulation of Compatible Solutes and Antioxidants
				29.2.1.4	 Polyamines
		29.3	 Molecular Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Fruit Crops
			29.3.1	 Aquaporins
			29.3.2	 Dehydrins
			29.3.3	 Osmotin
			29.3.4	 Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase
			29.3.5	 WRKY Transcription Factors
			29.3.6	 Plant Hormones
		29.4	 Mechanisms of Fruit Crops to Tolerate Heat Stress
		29.5	 Mechanisms of Fruit Crops to Tolerate Flooding Stress
		29.6	 Strategies for Managing Abiotic Stresses in Fruit Crops
			29.6.1	 Selection of Stress Tolerant Crops
			29.6.2	 Improved Cultural Operations
			29.6.3	 New Irrigation Methods
			29.6.4	 Use of Rootstocks in Fruit Cultivation
			29.6.5	 Use of Bio-inoculants to Sustain the Production Under Abiotic Stresses
		29.7	 Conclusions
		References
	30: Biotic Stress Management in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Through Conventional and Molecular Approaches
		30.1	 Introduction
		30.2	 The Major Constraints of Rice
			30.2.1	 Major Biotic Diseases of Rice and Their Impact in Rice Production
		30.3	 Approaches to Mitigate the Major Biotic Stresses of Rice
			30.3.1	 Conventional Breeding Approach to Combat the Biotic Stresses of Rice
			30.3.2	 Multiple Lines Breeding Approach
			30.3.3	 Molecular Approaches for Biotic Stress Resistance
			30.3.4	 Marker Assisted Backcrossing
			30.3.5	 Gene Pyramiding Approach
			30.3.6	 Allele and Data Mining
			30.3.7	 Multi-parent Populations
			30.3.8	 Genome/Gene Editing Technologies
		30.4	 Status of Biotic Stress Resistance Through Conventional and Molecular Approaches
			30.4.1	 Rice Blast Disease: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr.
			30.4.2	 Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB): Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
			30.4.3	 Sheath Blight (ShB) Disease: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.
			30.4.4	 False Smut (FS): Ustilaginoidea virens
			30.4.5	 Brown Plant Hopper (BPH): Nilaparvata lugens Stål
			30.4.6	 Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) of Rice: Scirpophaga incertulas
		30.5	 Status of Related Gene Pool for Biotic Stress Tolerance/Resistance
		30.6	 Mapping of Genes/QTLs from Related Species of Rice and Their Utilization
		30.7	 Future Perspectives
		References
	31: System of Assured Rice Production in Kharif: A Resource-Conserving and Climate-Resilient Methodology for Higher Productivity and Profitability
		31.1	 Introduction
		31.2	 Problems of Low Productivity in Rice-Based Cropping System
		31.3	 SARP (Kharif) Methodology for Wet Season Rice Production
			31.3.1	 Nursery Management
			31.3.2	 Management in Main Field
		31.4	 Prospects and Potentials
		31.5	 Benefits and Constraints
		31.6	 Conclusions
		References