New Forms of Carbon. Nanocarbons

Cover
Half Title
New Forms of Carbon: Nanocarbon
Copyright
Dedication
About the Editors
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Preface
Summary
1. Graphene: A New Form of Carbon for Future Sustainability
	Abstract
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Characterization of Graphene
	1.3 Synthesis Procedures of Graphene
	1.4 Applications of Graphene
		1.4.1 Desalination of Water
		1.4.2 Water Decontamination
		1.4.3 Energy Applications
		1.4.4 Corrosion-Resistant Coating
	1.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	Keywords
	References
2. Carbon Derived from Biowastes for Supercapacitors: Synthesis to Applications
	Abstract
	2.1 Subject Background
		2.1.1 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors
		2.1.2 Characteristics of Supercapacitor electrode Material
		2.1.3 Experimental Methodology
			2.1.3.1 Preparation Methods
			2.1.3.2 Characterization Techniques
	2.2 Advancements in Electrode Materials Derived from Biowaste
	2.3 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	Keywords
	References
3. Effect of Doping on the Electronic and Physicochemical Properties of the Atomic Carbon Clusters: A Theoretical Perspective
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Atomic Clusters
			3.1.1.1 Noble Gas Cluster
			3.1.1.2 Simple metal Cluster
			3.1.1.3 Transition Metal Cluster
			3.1.1.4 Covalently Bonded Cluster
			3.1.1.5 Ionically Bonded Cluster
			3.1.1.6 Cluster with Cage Structure
		3.1.2 General Characteristics of Atomic Clusters
			3.1.2.1 Geometrical Structure
			3.1.2.2 Stability
			3.1.2.3 Electronic and Chemical Properties
			3.1.2.4 Magnetic Properties
	3.2 Pristine Carbon Clusters
		3.2.1 Geometrical Structure
		3.2.2 Electronic Properties
	3.3 Doped Carbon Clusters
		3.3.1 Boron-Doped Carbon Cluster
		3.3.2 Silicon-Doped Carbon Cluster
		3.3.3 Gold-Doped Carbon Cluster
		3.3.4 Iron-Doped Carbon Cluster
		3.3.5 Phosphorous-Doped Carbon Cluster
	3.4 Summary and Future Scope
	Keywords
	References
4. Fullerenes: Synthesis and Applications
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 History of Fullerenes Gloomy
	4.3 Types of Fullerene
		4.3.1 Buckyball Clusters
		4.3.2 Nanotubes
		4.3.3 Megatubes
		4.3.4 Polymers
		4.3.5 Nano-Onions
		4.3.6 Buckminsterfullerene (C60)
	4.4 C60 Fullerene
	4.5 Synthesis of Fullerenes
		4.5.1 Synthesis of Fullerenes by Using Laser Vaporization of Carbon
		4.5.2 Synthesis of Fullerenes by Using Electric Arc Heating of Graphite
		4.5.3 Synthesis of Fullerenes by Using Resistive Arc Heating of Graphite
		4.5.4 Synthesis of Fullerene with Irradiation of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) by Laser Treatment
	4.6 Reactivity and Structure of Fullerene
		4.6.1 3D Shape of Fullerene
	4.7 Applications
		4.7.2 Antioxidant/Biopharmaceuticals
		4.7.1 Medical Application
		4.7.3 Antibacterial/Antimicrobial Activity
		4.7.4 Antiviral Activity
		4.7.5 Diagnostics
		4.7.6 Drug Delivery
		4.7.7 Disinfectant
		4.7.8 Photovoltaic
		4.7.9 Fullerene-Based Polymeric Materials
		4.7.10 Water Purification/Environment
		4.7.11 Hydrogen Storage
		4.7.12 Energy Storage Materials
			4.7.12.1 Super Capacitors
			4.7.12.2 High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
			4.7.12.3 Materials as Superconductors
			4.7.12.4 Reinforced Composites
		4.7.13 Treatment of Wastewater
	4.8 Conclusions
	Keywords
	References
5. Biochar: An Advanced Carbon Material for Mitigation of Environmental Pollution
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Biochar Production
		5.2.1 Temperature
		5.2.2 Feedstock
		5.2.3 Reaction Time
		5.2.4 Other Factors
	5.3 Modification of Biochar
		5.3.1 Impregnation with Minerals
		5.3.2 Nanoscale-Metals Assistance
		5.3.3 Surface Oxidation
		5.3.4 Surface Reduction Modifications
	5.4 Application of BIochar
		5.4.1 Application of Biochar for ORganic Pollutant Removal
		5.4.2 Application of Biochar for Inorganic Pollutant Removal
	5.5 Conclusions
	Keywords
	References
6. Preparation and Properties of Activated Carbon
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Preparation and Activation
		6.2.1 Physical Activation
		6.2.2 Chemical Activation
	6.3 Physical Properties
		6.3.1 Surface Area
		6.3.2 Pore Structures
		6.3.3 Iodine Number
		6.3.4 Hardness
		6.3.5 Apparent Density
		6.3.6 ASH Content
		6.3.7 pH Value
	6.4 Adsorption of Activated Carbon
	6.5 Classifications
		6.5.1 Powdered Activated Carbon
		6.5.2 Granular Activated Carbon
		6.5.3 Extruded Activated Carbon/Pelletized Activated Carbon
		6.5.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon
		6.5.5 Polymer-Coated Activated Carbon
		6.5.6 Activated Carbon Fiber
	6.6 Conclusions
	Keywords
	References
7. Carbon Nanotubes: A New Dimension in Human Healthcare Applications
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Structural and Functional Characterization
		7.2.1 Morphology and Properties
		7.2.2 Synthesis
		7.2.3 Functionalization
			7.2.3.1 Noncovalent Functionalization
			7.2.3.2 Covalent Functionalization
			7.2.3.3 Hybrid Functionalization
	7.3 Application in Human Health Care
		7.3.1 Therapeutic Applications
			7.3.1.1 CNTs in Chemotherapeutic Advances
			7.3.1.2 CNTs in Gene Therapy and Nucleic ACID Therapeutics
			7.3.1.3 CNT-Mediated PTT Against Cancer
			7.3.1.4 Wound Healing with CNTs
			7.3.1.5 CNTs in Regenerative Medicines
		7.3.2 CNT-Based Bio-Imaging Applications
			7.3.2.1 Fluorescence Bio-Imaging
			7.3.2.2 Photoacoustic Imaging
			7.3.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			7.3.2.4 Nuclear Imaging
	7.4 Summary and Conclusion
	Keywords
	References
8. Mechanistic Insight into the Tuneable Electronic Properties of Chemically Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Graphene Quantum Dots
	8.2 Electronic Properties of GQDs
		8.2.1 Modulation of Electronic Properties by Chemical Functionalization
	8.3 Conclusions
	Keywords
	References
9. Carborane Clusters for Promoting Medicinal Applications
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Structure of Carborane
	9.3 Nomenclature of Carborane
	9.4 Preparation of 1,2-closo-C2B10H12
	9.5 Characterization of Carborane
	9.6 Carborane Isomerization
	9.7 Carborane Chemistry for Medicinal Application
		9.7.1 Medical Applications of Carborane Clusters
			9.7.1.1 Retinoid Receptor Ligands Having a Dicarba-Closo-Dodecaborane as a Hydrophobic Moiety
		9.7.2 Steroid Analogs Bearing Carborane Cluster Modification
			9.7.2.1 Estrogen Analogs Having a Dicarba-Closo-Dodecaborane as a Hydrophobic Moiety
			9.7.2.2 Androgen Analogs Based on Carborane Cluster Structure
			9.7.2.3 Carborane Cluster Bearing Cholesterol Mimics
		9.7.3 Transthyretin Amyloidosis Inhibitors Containing Carborane Pharmacophores
		9.7.4 Α-Human Thrombin Inhibitor Containing a Carborane Pharmacophore
		9.7.5 Carborane–Nucleoside Conjugates as a New Human Blood Platelet Function Inhibitor
	9.8 Summary
	Keywords
	References
Index