Neutrino Physics

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Notation
1: Important Historical Experiments
	1.1 The Birth of the Neutrino
	1.2 Nuclear Recoil Experiment by Rodeback and Allen
	1.3 Discovery of the Neutrino by Cowan and Reines
	1.4 Difference between ve and ve and solar neutrino detection
	1.5 Discovery of Parity Violation in Weak Interactions
	1.6 Direct Measurement of the Helicity of the Neutrino
	1.7 Experimental Proof That Vμ is Different from Ve
	1.8 Discovery of Weak Neutral Currents
	1.9 Discovery of the Weak W± and Z0 Gauge Bosons
	1.10 Observation of Neutrinos from SN 1987A
	1.11 Number of Neutrino Flavours from the Width of the Z0
	1.12 Further Milestones in the Last 20 Years
2: Properties of Neutrinos
	2.1 Helicity and Chirality
	2.2 Charge Conjugation
	2.3 Parity Transformation
	2.4 Dirac and Majorana Mass Terms
		2.4.1 Generalization to n Flavours
	2.5 Lepton Number
		2.5.1 Experimental Status of Lepton Flavour and Number Violation
3: The Standard Model of Particle Physics
	3.1 The V–A Theory of the Weak Interaction
	3.2 Gauge Theories
		3.2.1 The Gauge Principle
		3.2.2 Global Symmetries
		3.2.3 Local (=Gauge) Symmetries
		3.2.4 Non-Abelian Gauge Theories (= Yang–Mills Theories)
	3.3 The Glashow–Weinberg–Salam Model
		3.3.1 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs Mechanism
		3.3.2 The CKM Mass Matrix
		3.3.3 CP Violation
		3.3.4 CPT and T Violation
	3.4 Experimental Determination of Fundamental Parameters
		3.4.1 Measurement of the Fermi Constant GF
		3.4.2 Neutrino–Electron Scattering and the Coupling Constants gV and gA
			3.4.2.1 Theoretical considerations
			3.4.2.2 Vμe-Scattering
			3.4.2.3 Vee and Vee-Scattering
			3.4.2.4 Neutrino Tridents
		3.4.3 Measurement of the Weinberg Angle
		3.4.4 Measurement of the Gauge Boson Masses mW and mZ
		3.4.5 The Discovery of the Higgs Boson
4: Neutrinos as a Probe of Nuclear Structure
	4.1 Neutrino Beams
		4.1.1 Conventional Beams
			4.1.1.1 Narrow-Band Beams
			4.1.1.2 Wide-Band Beams
		4.1.2 VT Beams
		4.1.3 Off-Axis Superbeams
		4.1.4 Alternative Neutrino Beams
	4.2 Neutrino Detectors
		4.2.1 OPERA
		4.2.2 NOVA
		4.2.3 T2K
		4.2.4 DUNE
	4.3 Total Cross-Section for Neutrino–Nucleon Scattering
	4.4 Coherent Elastic Neutrino–Nucleus Scattering
	4.5 Quasi-Elastic Neutrino–Nucleon Scattering
		4.5.1 Quasi-Elastic CC Reactions
		4.5.2 Quasi-Elastic NC Reactions
	4.6 Kinematics of Deep Inelastic Scattering
	4.7 Coherent, Resonant and Diffractive Production
	4.8 Structure Function of Nucleons
	4.9 the Quark–Parton Model, Parton Distribution Functions
		4.9.1 Deep Inelastic Neutrino Proton Scattering
			4.9.1.1 QCD effects
	4.10 y Distributions and Quark Content from Total Cross-Sections
		4.10.1 Sum Rules
	4.11 Charm Physics
	4.12 Neutral Current Reactions
	4.13 Neutrino Cross-Section on Nuclei
5: Neutrino Masses and Physics Beyond the Standard Model
	5.1 Running Coupling Constants
	5.2 The Minimal SU(5) Model
		5.2.1 Proton Decay
	5.3 The SO(10) Model
		5.3.1 Left–Right Symmetric Models
	5.4 Supersymmetry
		5.4.1 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
		5.4.2 R-Parity
		5.4.3 Experimental Search for Supersymmetry
			5.4.3.1 SUSY Signatures at High Energy Colliders
			5.4.3.2 SUSY GUTs and Proton Decay
	5.5 Neutrino Masses
		5.5.1 Neutrino Masses in the Electroweak Theory
		5.5.2 Neutrino Masses in the Minimal SU(5) Model
		5.5.3 Neutrino Masses in the SO(10) Model and the Seesaw Mechanism
			5.5.3.1 Almost Degenerated Neutrino Masses
		5.5.4 Neutrino Masses in SUSY and Beyond
	5.6 Neutrino Mixing
6: Direct Neutrino Mass Searches
	6.1 Fundamentals of β-Decay
		6.1.1 Matrix Elements
		6.1.2 Phase Space Calculation
		6.1.3 Kurie Plot and ft-Values
	6.2 Searches for mve
		6.2.1 General Considerations
		6.2.2 Searches Using Spectrometers
			6.2.2.1 The KATRIN experiment
			6.2.2.2 Project 8
		6.2.3 Alternative Searches
		6.2.4 Kinks in β-Decay
	6.3 Searches For mve
	6.4 mvµ Determination from Pion Decay
	6.5 Mass of the VT From Tau Decay
	6.6 Electromagnetic Properties of Neutrinos
		6.6.1 Electric Dipole Moments
		6.6.2 Magnetic Dipole Moments
	6.7 Neutrino Decay
		6.7.1 Radiative Decay VH → VL + ϒ
		6.7.2 The Decay VH → VL + e+ + e-
		6.7.3 The Decay VH → VL + X
	6.8 Heavy Neutrinos
7: Double Beta Decay
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Decay Rates
		7.2.1 The 2V ββ Decay Rates
		7.2.2 The 0V ββ Decay Rates
	7.3 Nuclear Structure Effects on Matrix Elements
	7.4 Experiments
		7.4.1 Practical Considerations in Low-level Counting
		7.4.2 Direct Counting Experiments
			7.4.2.1 Semiconductor Experiments
			7.4.2.2 Scintillator Experiments
			7.4.2.3 Cryogenic Detectors
			7.4.2.4 Ionization Experiments
		7.4.3 Geochemical Experiments
		7.4.4 Radiochemical Experiments
	7.5 Interpretation of the Obtained Results
		7.5.1 Effects of MeV Neutrinos
		7.5.2 Transitions to Excited States
		7.5.3 Majoron Accompanied Double β-decay
		7.5.4 Decay Rates for SUSY-Induced 0V ββ Decay
	7.6 Positron Decay and Electron Capture Decay Modes
	7.7 CP Phases and Double Beta Decay
	7.8 Generalization to Three Flavours
		7.8.1 General Considerations
			7.8.1.1 Muon–Positron Conversion on Nuclei
			7.8.1.2 Processes Investigating mµµ
			7.8.1.3 Limits on mTT from CC events at HERA
8: Neutrino Oscillations
	8.1 General Formalism
	8.2 CP and T Violation in Neutrino Oscillations
	8.3 Oscillations with Two Neutrino Flavours
	8.4 The Case for Three Flavours
	8.5 Experimental Considerations
	8.6 Nuclear Reactor Experiments
		8.6.1 Experimental Status
			8.6.1.1 KamLAND–Measurement of θ12
			8.6.1.2 Double Chooz, RENO and Daya Bay–Measurement of θ13
		8.6.2 Geoneutrinos
	8.7 Accelerator-Based Oscillation Experiments
	8.8 Neutrino Oscillations in Matter
	8.9 Future Activities – Determination of the PMNS Matrix Elements
	8.10 New Neutrinos Beams
		8.10.1 Off-Axis Superbeams
		8.10.2 Muon Storage Rings – Neutrino Factories
9: Atmospheric Neutrinos
	9.1 Cosmic Rays
	9.2 Interactions Within the Atmosphere
	9.3 Experimental Status
		9.3.1 Super-Kamiokande
			9.3.1.1 The Vµ/Ve Ratio
			9.3.1.2 Zenith-Angle Distributions
			9.3.1.3 Oscillation Analysis
	9.4 Accelerator-Based Searches – Long-Baseline Experiments
		9.4.1 K2K
		9.4.2 MINOS
		9.4.3 CERN–Gran Sasso
	9.5 Future Experimental Plans and Ideas
		9.5.1 INO-ICAL
		9.5.2 Hyper-Kamiokande
		9.5.3 THEIA
		9.5.4 AQUA-RICH
10: Solar Neutrinos
	10.1 The Standard Solar Model
		10.1.1 Energy Production Processes in the Sun
		10.1.2 Reaction Rates
		10.1.3 The Solar Neutrino Spectrum
			10.1.3.1 Standard Solar Models
			10.1.3.2 Diffusion
			10.1.3.3 Initial Composition
			10.1.3.4 Opacity and Equation of State
			10.1.3.5 Predicted Neutrino Fluxes
	10.2 Solar Neutrino Experiments
		10.2.1 The Chlorine Experiment
		10.2.2 Super-Kamiokande
		10.2.3 The Gallium Experiments
			10.2.3.1 GALLEX
			10.2.3.2 GNO
			10.2.3.3 SAGE
		10.2.4 The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)
		10.2.5 The Borexino Experiment
	10.3 Theoretical Solutions–Matter Effects
		10.3.1 Neutrino Oscillations as a Solution to the Solar Neutrino Problem
		10.3.2 Neutrino Oscillations in Matter and the MSW Effect
			10.3.2.1 Constant Density of Electrons
			10.3.2.2 Variable Electron Density
		10.3.3 Experimental Signatures and Results
	10.4 Future Potential Experiments
		10.4.1 Real-Time Measurement of PP Neutrinos Using Coincidence Techniques
11: Neutrinos from Supernovae
	11.1 Supernovae
		11.1.1 The Evolution of Massive Stars
		11.1.2 Energy Loss of Massive Stars Due to Neutrino Emission
		11.1.3 The Actual Collapse Phase
	11.2 Neutrino Emission in Supernova Explosions
		11.2.1 The Classical Prediction
		11.2.2 Neutrino Oscillations and Supernova Signals
			11.2.2.1 Effects on the Prompt Ve Burst
			11.2.2.2 Cooling Phase Neutrinos
			11.2.2.3 Production of R-Process Isotopes
			11.2.2.4 Neutrino Mass Hierarchies from Supernova Signals
	11.3 Detection Methods for Supernova Neutrinos
	11.4 Supernova 1987A
		11.4.1 Characteristics of Supernova 1987A
			11.4.1.1 Properties of the Progenitor Star and the Event
			11.4.1.2 ϒ-Radiation
			11.4.1.3 Distance
			11.4.1.4 Summary
		11.4.2 Neutrinos from SN 1987A
			11.4.2.1 Possible Anomalies
		11.4.3 Neutrino Properties from SN 1987A
			11.4.3.1 Lifetime of the Neutrino
			11.4.3.2 Mass of the Neutrino
			11.4.3.3 Magnetic Moment and Electric Charge
			11.4.3.4 Conclusion
	11.5 Supernova Rates and Future Experiments
		11.5.1 Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background
12: Ultra-High Energetic Cosmic Neutrinos
	12.1 Sources of High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos
		12.1.1 Neutrinos Produced in Acceleration Processes
		12.1.2 Neutrinos Produced in Annihilation or Decay of Heavy Particles
		12.1.3 Event Rates
		12.1.4 Neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei
		12.1.5 Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursters
		12.1.6 Cross-Sections
	12.2 Detection
		12.2.1 Water Cherenkov Detectors
			12.2.1.1 Baikal NT-200
			12.2.1.2 ANTARES
		12.2.2 Ice Cherenkov Detectors—IceCube
		12.2.3 Multi-Messenger Approaches
		12.2.4 Gravitational Waves
		12.2.5 Alternative Techniques—Acoustic and Radio Detection
		12.2.6 Horizontal Air Showers—the AUGER Experiment
13: Neutrinos in Cosmology
	13.1 Cosmological Models
		13.1.1 The Cosmological Constant Ʌ
		13.1.2 The Inflationary Phase
		13.1.3 The Density in the Universe
	13.2 The Evolution of the Universe
		13.2.1 The Standard Model of Cosmology
	13.3 The Cosmic Microwave Background
		13.3.1 Spectrum and Temperature
		13.3.2 Measurement of the Spectral Form and Temperature of the CMB
		13.3.3 Anisotropies in the 3 K Radiation
			13.3.3.1 Measurement of the Anisotropy
			13.3.3.2 Anisotropies on Small Scales
	13.4 Neutrinos as Dark Matter
	13.5 Candidates for Dark Matter
		13.5.1 Non-Baryonic Dark Matter
			13.5.1.1 Hotdarkmatter, Light neutrinos
			13.5.1.2 Cold Dark Matter, Heavy Particles, WIMPs
		13.5.2 Direct and Indirect Experiments
			13.5.2.1 Annihilation Inside the Sun or Earth
	13.6 Neutrinos and Large-Scale Structure
	13.7 The Cosmic Neutrino Background
	13.8 Primordial Nucleosynthesis
		13.8.1 The Process of Nucleosynthesis
		13.8.2 The Relativistic Degrees of Freedom geff and the Number of Neutrino Flavours
	13.9 Baryogenesis Via Leptogenesis
		13.9.1 Leptogenesis
14: Summary and Outlook
References
Index