Neurotropic Viral Infections

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Foreword......Page 15
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 17
SECTION I Introduction: RNA viruses......Page 19
Virus structure......Page 21
The viral genome......Page 23
Virus entry into cells......Page 24
Translation and proteolytic processing......Page 25
RNA synthesis......Page 26
Host range......Page 27
Entry into the host......Page 29
Spread in the host......Page 30
Other enteroviruses......Page 32
Cardiovirus disease......Page 35
Vaccines and antivirals......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 39
Measles......Page 44
Virology......Page 45
Clinical manifestations......Page 46
Diagnosis......Page 48
Treatment and prognosis......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
Human rabies......Page 53
Zoonotic rabies......Page 54
The nucleoprotein......Page 55
Rabies virus strains......Page 56
Rabies virus neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness......Page 57
Rabies virus receptors......Page 58
Evasion from apoptosis......Page 59
Evasion from host immune responses......Page 60
Control of rabies in animals......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
Virus structure......Page 68
Genome organization......Page 69
Cell entry......Page 70
Genome replication......Page 71
Coronavirus reverse genetics......Page 73
Intraspecies transmission......Page 74
Pathogenesis of MHV-induced disease......Page 75
CNS cell tropism and virus spread......Page 76
Persistent CNS infection by MHV-JHM......Page 77
Other experimental models of MHV infection......Page 78
Innate immune response to MHV infection......Page 79
Adaptive immune response to MHV infection......Page 80
CD8 T cell responses......Page 82
CD4 T cell responses......Page 83
Antibody responses......Page 84
Adaptive immune cells......Page 85
Murine infection with human coronaviruses......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
Discovery and classification of arenaviruses......Page 93
Virion and genome organization......Page 94
Cell attachment and entry......Page 95
LCMV infection in humans......Page 96
Human Lassa virus infection and CNS disease......Page 98
Infection of LCMV in its natural host, the mouse......Page 99
Acute LCMV infection in the CNS: lymphocytic choriomeningitis......Page 100
Persistent LCMV infection in the CNS......Page 102
Perinatal experimental LCMV infection of the rat as a model for human congenital LCMV infection......Page 105
Current therapy and vaccines against arenaviruses......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
Introduction......Page 112
Eastern equine encephalitis......Page 113
Venezuelan equine encephalitis......Page 114
The virus, its life cycle, and cellular effects......Page 115
Venezuelan equine encephalitis......Page 118
Pathogenesis and determinants of outcome......Page 119
Eastern equine encephalitis......Page 120
Sindbis virus......Page 121
Semliki Forest virus......Page 122
Innate responses......Page 123
Humoral immunity......Page 124
Immunopathology......Page 125
Western equine encephalitis......Page 126
Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
7 Flaviviruses......Page 138
Ecology and epidemiology......Page 139
Flavivirus structure and replication......Page 140
Pathogenesis and immune response......Page 141
Clinical presentation......Page 144
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 145
Treatment......Page 146
Japanese encephalitis virus......Page 147
West Nile virus......Page 149
St. Louis encephalitis virus......Page 151
Tick-borne encephalitis viruses......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 154
SECTION II Introduction: retroviruses, DNA viruses, and prions......Page 157
Epidemiology and associated diseases......Page 159
HTLV-1 cell biology......Page 160
HAM/TSP – diagnostic criteria and disease progression......Page 163
Risk factors for HAM/TSP......Page 164
HAM/TSP – an immune-mediated disease......Page 165
CD8+ T cells protect against neuroinflammation......Page 166
CD8+ T cells promote neuroinflammation......Page 168
The role of the CD4+ T cell response in HAM/TSP......Page 170
HTLV-1 Tax expression in HAM/TSP......Page 171
Is HAM/TSP an autoimmune disease?......Page 172
HTLV-I entry into the CNS......Page 173
Leukocyte entry into the CNS in HTLV-1......Page 174
BBB restructuring......Page 175
A current hypothesis of HAM/TSP pathogenesis......Page 176
A new hypothesis of HAM/TSP pathogenesis......Page 177
Conclusion......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 180
History, discovery, and epidemiology......Page 185
Disease manifestation......Page 186
Treatment......Page 188
Classification and organization......Page 190
Immune response to HIV......Page 193
Reasons for immune failure......Page 194
Viral entry and replication......Page 195
Virus evolution within the body......Page 196
HIV reservoirs and viral sequestration in the brain......Page 197
HIV neuroinvasion......Page 198
Neuropathology of HIV infection......Page 199
Mechanisms of neurodegeneration......Page 203
Neuropathogenesis of HIV......Page 204
Future perspectives......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
Introduction to JC virus (JCV)......Page 208
Genomic organization of JCV......Page 209
The noncoding regulatory region of JCV......Page 210
JCV regulatory and structural proteins......Page 211
Large T-Antigen......Page 212
Small t antigen......Page 213
Structural capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3)......Page 214
Expression of viral genes......Page 215
Cellular factors that are involved in JCV gene expression......Page 217
JCV DNA replication......Page 218
JCV molecular biology: Overview, currrent research, unanswered questions, and future directions......Page 219
Clinical and epidemiological aspects......Page 220
Histopathological aspects......Page 221
Physiopathology......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 226
Structural features......Page 230
In vivo infection cycle......Page 231
Human disease......Page 234
Herpes encephalitis......Page 235
Antivirals......Page 236
Rabbit eye model......Page 238
Transcription from the HSV-1 genome is regulated epigenetically......Page 239
Future directions......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
Taxonomic classification......Page 243
Genomic organization......Page 244
Viral replication......Page 246
VZV epidemiology and transmission......Page 249
Varicella......Page 252
VZV latency......Page 254
Investigations of VZV pathogenesis and immunobiology in the SCIDhu mouse model......Page 255
VZV lymphotropism mediates spread to skin tissues......Page 256
VZV neurotropism......Page 257
Glycoprotein E......Page 271
ORF47 protein......Page 272
Role of VZV tegument proteins in VZV skin and T cell tropism......Page 273
ORF10......Page 274
ORF10 promoter......Page 275
VZV vaccines......Page 276
Conclusion......Page 277
The infectious agent......Page 281
Pathogenesis......Page 283
History and epidemiology......Page 284
Clinical features and pathology......Page 286
Prevention......Page 287
Diagnosis and treatment......Page 288
Future directions......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 290
SECTION III Introduction: immunity, diagnosis, vector, and beneficial uses of neurotropic viruses......Page 293
Introduction......Page 295
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)......Page 296
Interferon-induced antiviral responses......Page 297
Altered amino acid metabolism......Page 298
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules......Page 299
Neuropeptides, peptide hormones, and neurotransmitters......Page 300
Lipids in innate immunity in the CNS......Page 301
Lipoxins (LX)......Page 302
Apoptosis and autophagy......Page 303
Complement......Page 304
Cytokines......Page 305
High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)......Page 306
Infiltration of peripheral circulating cells......Page 307
Sympathetic nervous system......Page 308
Acknowledgments......Page 309
REFERENCES......Page 310
Toll-like receptors and their specificity......Page 322
TLRs: their role in innate and adaptive immunity......Page 324
Pathogenesis of viral encephalitis......Page 325
Herpes simplex virus......Page 326
Vesicular stomatitis virus......Page 327
Conclusions......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
Stress and the immune system......Page 330
Herpes simplex virus infections and the neuroendocrine-immune connection......Page 331
A viral etiology for multiple sclerosis......Page 332
Theiler’s virus-induced demyelination as a model for MS......Page 333
Interferon and NK cells in Theiler’s virus infection......Page 334
The effects of RST on chemokine/cytokine expression......Page 335
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in Theiler’s virus infection......Page 336
Restraint stress fails to render TVID-resistant mice susceptible to TVID......Page 337
The effects of restraint stress during acute infection on the later demyelinating disease......Page 338
Conclusions......Page 339
Summary......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 341
Etiologies......Page 345
Challenges of etiologic diagnosis......Page 349
Disease burden......Page 350
Host factors......Page 354
Temporal patterns......Page 355
Geographic patterns......Page 356
North America......Page 357
Asia......Page 358
Comment......Page 359
REFERENCES......Page 360
Molecular strategies for pathogen discovery......Page 364
Borna disease virus and neuropsychiatric disease......Page 366
West Nile virus encephalitis......Page 367
Bioinformatics: establishment of the Greene Pathogen Database......Page 368
MassTag PCR......Page 369
GreeneChips......Page 371
GreeneChip probe preparation, hybridization, and labeling......Page 372
GreeneLAMP analysis software and GreeneChip validation......Page 373
Future perspectives......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 375
Introduction......Page 377
General supportive measures......Page 378
HSV encephalitis in adults......Page 379
Neonatal HSV infection......Page 381
HSV meningitis......Page 382
CMV encephalitis and myelitis in adults......Page 383
Consensus guidelines for treatment of CMV CNS disease......Page 385
Prevention of CMV disease in immunocompromised adults and secondary prophylaxis......Page 386
HHV-6 meningoencephalitis......Page 387
Togavirus infection......Page 388
Conclusion......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 390
Introduction......Page 392
Encephalitic arboviruses: Types of arthropod vector and evolution......Page 395
The biology and life cycles of ticks and mosquitoes......Page 397
Vector saliva......Page 398
Transmission of tick-borne encephalitic flaviviruses......Page 399
Spatial aspects of NVT......Page 401
Transmission via skin......Page 402
Host immunity and NVT......Page 403
Transmission of mosquito-borne encephalitic arboviruses......Page 404
Bunyaviruses......Page 405
Mosquitoes and NVT......Page 406
Conclusion......Page 407
REFERENCES......Page 408
The Order Chiroptera, their diversity, evolution, abundance, and social behavior......Page 412
Bat echolocation......Page 413
Members of the genus Lyssavirus, and their association with speci.c Chiropteran hosts.......Page 416
Rabies virus (GT1) and bats......Page 417
European bat lyssaviruses (GT 5 and 6)......Page 418
Other lyssaviruses isolated from bats......Page 419
Hendra virus......Page 420
Phylogeny......Page 422
The role of bats......Page 424
Hendra virus in animals......Page 425
Nipah virus in animals......Page 426
Nipah virus in humans......Page 427
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)......Page 428
SARS-coronavirus......Page 430
REFERENCES......Page 431
History of viral oncolysis......Page 437
Oncolytic viruses for glioblastoma......Page 438
Herpes simplex virus......Page 439
Single-mutated oncolytic HSV-1 for brain tumors......Page 440
Oncolytic HSV-1 clinical trials in patients with malignant glioma......Page 441
Immune aspects of oncolytic HSV-1......Page 442
Combining oncolytic HSV-1 with established therapies for glioblastoma......Page 443
Adenovirus......Page 445
Reovirus......Page 447
Poliovirus......Page 448
Measles......Page 449
Vesicular stomatitis virus......Page 450
REFERENCES......Page 451
The biology of virally mediated gene transfer and therapy: turning viruses into therapeutic delivery vehicles......Page 454
HSV-1-derived vectors......Page 455
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors......Page 456
Simian virus-40 vectors (SV-40)......Page 457
Alzheimer’s disease......Page 458
Parkinson’s disease......Page 459
Gliomas......Page 460
Pain......Page 461
The future challenges of gene therapy......Page 462
REFERENCES......Page 463
Index......Page 465