Neuroscience of Alcohol: Mechanisms and Treatment

Cover
Neuroscience of Alcohol: Mechanisms and Treatment
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
	The Neuroscience of Alcohol: Mechanisms and Treatments
Editorial Advisors
Part I: Introductory Chapters
1 Becoming a “Successful” Drinker and a Graduate: A Sociological Perspective on Alcohol Consumption by University Students
	Introduction
	University as a Space–Time of Becoming
	Connected Consumption: The Nexus Between Tertiary Education and Alcohol
	Investigating Drinking Among University Students
	University: A Time and Place to Consume Alcohol
	How Space Shapes Students’ Drinking Practices
	University-Based Drinking
	“Becoming” a “Successful” Drinker
	Developing Skills to Reduce Harm and Maximize Pleasure While Drinking
	“Successful” Drinking and the University Lifestyle
	Drinking: Escaping Responsibilities and Pressure
	Securing the Future Through Completing a Degree
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts of Sociology
	Summary Points
	References
2 Molecular Genetics Meets Sociology: Birth Cohort Effects on Alcohol Use and Relationship With Candidate Genes
	List of Abbreviations
	Alcohol Issues: How to Reconcile Heritability and Secular Fluctuations
	The Original Demonstration of Genotype × Birth Cohort Interaction
	Further Genotype × Birth Cohort Interactions With Candidate Genes for Social Behavior
	Birth Cohorts May Live in Distinct Environments as the Society Undergoes Change
	Mechanisms Behind the Genotype × Birth Cohort Interactions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Candidate Gene Studies
		Oxytocin
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
3 Alcohol and Women: Unique Risks, Effects, and Implications for Clinical Practice
	Introduction
	Pathways to Alcohol Use Disorder Among Women
	Morbidity, Comorbidity, and Mortality Related to Alcohol Use Disorder in Women
	How Does Alcohol Affect Women Differently From Men?
	Explaining Sex Differences in Neurocognitive Effects of Alcohol
	Research Limitations
	Improving Prevention for Girls and Women
	Early Diagnosis and Treatment Tailored to Girls and Women
	Barriers to Treatment for Women
	Needed Cultural, Environmental, and Societal Changes
	Implications for Treatment: What Is Needed to Reduce Alcohol Misuse and Addiction in Girls and Women
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		How Alcohol Affects Women
	Summary Points
	References
4 ADH and ALDH Polymorphisms in Alcoholism and Alcohol Misuse/Dependence
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Alcohol Metabolism
	Oxidative Pathway
		Nonoxidative Pathways
	Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Polymorphism
	Alcohol Dehydrogenase Polymorphism
	Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Polymorphism
	Summary
	Implication for Treatment
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		About Alcoholism, Alcohol Abuse, and Dependence
	Summary Points
	References
5 Acetaldehyde in the Brain After Ethanol Exposure: Research Progress and Challenges
	List of Abbreviations
	Conversion of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde
	Challenges in Acetaldehyde Research
	Brain Acetaldehyde in Ethanol Neurotoxicity
	Acetaldehyde Adducts in the Brain
	Concluding Remarks
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		About Acetaldehyde
	Summary Points
	References
6 Consequences of Ethanol Exposure on Neurodevelopment
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Alcohol and Brain Neurodevelopment
		Overview of Neurodevelopmental Events
		Neurodevelopmental Alterations Induced by Alcohol
		Behavioral Outcomes and Mechanisms Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
	Age-Related Consequences of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
	Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Neuroplasticity
		Oxidative Stress
		Intellectual Disabilities
		Depression
		Autism
		Serotonin Type 1A Receptors
		Phenotype
	Summary Points
	References
7 Animal Models of Binge Drinking: Behavior and Clinical Relevance
	List of Abbreviations
	Definition and Diagnostic of Binge Drinking in Humans
	Relevant Clinical Criteria for Developing Animal Models of Binge Drinking
	Current Preclinical Models of Binge Drinking
	Forced Administration of High Doses of Alcohol
		Gavage
		Intraperitoneal Injections
		Inhalation of Alcohol Vapors
		Forced Drinking
	Voluntary Alcohol Consumption
		20% Alcohol Intake in the Two-Bottle Choice Intermittent Access Model
		Two-Bottle Choice Drinking-in-the-Dark Model
		Two-Bottle Choice Drinking in the Dark for Rats
		Operant Binge Drinking
	Conclusions and Need for Future Research
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Animal Models of Binge Drinking
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
Part II: Neurobiology
8 Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Developmental Abnormalities in the Brain
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Studies in Humans With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Structural Brain Imaging
		Functional Brain Imaging
		Diffusion Tensor Imaging
		The Role of Animal Research in Our Understanding of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Neuroanatomical Development: Alterations in Subcortical Structures
		Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Neuroanatomical Development: Alterations in Neocortex
		Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Impacts Thickness of the Neocortex
		Neocortical Circuitry Development and Prenatal Ethanol Exposure: Gene Expression and Intraneocortical Connections
		Potential Mechanisms of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure–Induced Neocortical Changes
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Diagnosis
		Epigenetics
	Summary Points
	References
9 Connecting Prenatal Alcohol, Its Metabolite Acetaldehyde, and the Fetal Brain
	Introduction
	Alcohol: From the Mother to the Fetus
	Acetaldehyde in the Fetal Environment
	Acetaldehyde in the Fetal Brain
	The Role of Acetaldehyde in the Effects of Alcohol on Fetal Brain Development
	Connecting the Behavioral Effects of Alcohol and Acetaldehyde in the Fetus
	Reinforcing Effects of Alcohol and Acetaldehyde in the Fetus
	Perinatal Learning With Alcohol and Acetaldehyde
	Key Facts
		About Alcohol and Acetaldehyde in the Fetus
	Summary Points
	References
10 Fetal Alcohol Exposure and the Central Nervous Control of Breathing
	Introduction
	Animal Models of Alcohol Exposure during Gestation/Brain Development
	Methodology to Investigate Breathing Physiology
	Short- and Long-Term Respiratory Plasticity: Response to Acute Chemosensory Challenges and Long-Term Facilitation of Breathing
	Rhythmogenesis
	Pharmacology of the Respiratory Network After Ethanol Exposure
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Breathing Function
	Summary Points
	References
11 Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus and Alcohol Exposure During Brain Development
	Introduction
	The Hippocampus
	Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus
		Alcohol and Synaptic Plasticity During Early Development
		Alcohol and Synaptic Plasticity During Adolescence
	Conclusion
	Key Facts
		Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus and Alcohol Exposure During Brain Development
	Summary Points
	References
12 Ethanol and Cortical Spreading Depression: The Protective Role of α-Tocopherol
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction: Alcoholism and Brain Injury
	Alcohol and Brain Electrical Activity
	Studies of Brain Effects of Alcohol Employing the Cortical Spreading Depression Model
	The α-Tocopherol Protective Interaction With Ethanol on the Brain
	Can the CSD Model Be Useful to the Study of Neural Effects of Other Drugs?
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Brain Electrophysiology
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
13 Brain Electrophysiological Signatures in Human Alcoholism and Risk
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Electroencephalogram Findings
		Power Spectral Analysis
		Coherence
	Event-Related Potential Findings
		Sensory Pathway (Evoked) Potentials
		Sensory and Perceptual Potentials (P1)
		Selective Attention (N1)
		Mismatch Negativity
		Error-Related Negativity
		Attentional Orientation and Conflict Monitoring (N2)
		Cognitive Evaluation and Processing (P3/P300)
		Language Processing (N4/N400)
	Event-Related Oscillation Findings
		Delta and Theta Band Event-Related Oscillation Activity
		Gamma Band Event-Related Oscillation Activity
		Alpha and Beta Band Event-Related Oscillation Activity
		Event-Related Oscillation Connectivity
	Use of Electrophysiological Measures in the Treatment of Alcoholism
	Electrophysiological Measures as Endophenotypes for Alcoholism
	Summary and Future Directions
	Mini-Dictionary OF Terms
	Key Facts
	Summary Points
	References
14 Alcohol and Hippocampal Epileptiform Activity
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Alcohol Effects on Synaptic Mechanisms of Epileptiform Activity
		Acute Alcohol Abuse
		Chronic Alcohol Abuse
		Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
	Alcohol Effects on Nonsynaptic Mechanisms of Epileptiform Activity
		Acute Alcohol Abuse
		Chronic Alcohol Abuse
		Binge Drinking
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Alcohol Abuse on Epilepsy
		Synaptic Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Epilepsy
		Nonsynaptic Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Epilepsy
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
15 Effects of Alcohol on the Corpus Callosum
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Corpus Callosum: Pathology
		Pathogenesis
			Ethanol and Oxidative Damage
			Cerebral Ethanol Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
			Activation of Toll-Like Receptors
			The Gut–Brain Axis
			Free Iron Accumulation
			MicroRNA-Associated Oxidative Stress
			Toxic Lipids: The Liver–Brain Axis
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Summary Points
	Key Facts
		Brain and Corpus Callosum Structure and Function
		Effects of Ethanol on Corpus Callosum
	Conclusion
	References
16 The Role of the Lateral Habenula Circuitries in Alcohol Use Disorders
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction
	The Lateral Habenula Circuits
	Alcohol Modulates Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurotransmissions in Habenulomesencephalic Circuit
	Lateral Habenula Hyperactivity and Aversive Effects of Alcohol
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		About the Role of Lateral Habenula Circuits in Alcohol Use Disorder
	Summary Points
	References
17 Ventral Pallidum and Alcohol Addiction
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Ventral Pallidum: Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology
	Ventral Pallidum and Alcohol Consumption
	Ventral Pallidum and Relapse
	Ventral Pallidum and Targeted Treatments for Alcohol Addiction
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Ventral Pallidum
	Summary Points
	References
18 The Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels in the Rewarding Effects of Ethanol
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	The Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ionic Channels
	Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels and Ethanol Actions
	Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels and Cardiac Function
	Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels as a Drug Target
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
	Summary Points
	References
19 Neuroimmune Aspects of Alcoholism and Affective Comorbidity
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Alcohol Drinking Activates the Neuroimmune System
		Neuroimmune Consequence of Modest Drinking
		Neuroimmune Response to Acute Intoxication
		Chronic Heavy Drinking and Neuroimmune Function
	Neuroimmune Involvement in Alcohol Addiction, Withdrawal, and Abstinence
	Affective Consequences of Alcohol-Induced Central Nervous System Neuroimmune Activity
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Neuroimmune Signaling
	Summary Points
	References
20 Social Drinking and Motor Inhibition: Evidences From FMRI Go/Nogo Tasks fMRI Studies on Alcohol Effect on Inhibition
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	The Go/No-Go Task
	Differential Activations Related to Alcohol Consumption Patterns in College Students
	Disrupted Neural Signature of RI as a Precursor or a Consequence of Alcohol Use?
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Heavy/Hazardous/Binge Drinking
	Summary Points
	References
21 Myelopathy and Neuropathy Associated With Alcoholism
	List of Abbreviation
	Introduction
	Myelopathy
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Neuropathy
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Regarding Myelopathy and Neuropathy in Alcoholics
	Summary Points
	References
22 Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview
	The Association Between Alcohol and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
	Why Results Are so Conflicting and Heterogeneous?
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
	Summary Points
	References
23 Alcohol and Pain Interactions
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Pain
	Pain Signaling
	Clinical Evaluation of Pain
	Alcohol and Pain
	Effects of Ethanol on Acute Pain
	Effects of Chronic Ethanol on Pain
	Treatment Options
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Ethanol and Pain
	Summary Points
	References
24 Neurobiological Aspects of Ethanol-Derived Salsolinol
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	The Origin of SALS and Its Basal Concentrations in the Body Fluids and in the Brain
	The Role of SALS in the Neurobiological Basis of Alcoholism
	The Role of SALS in the Emergence of Neurological Disorders
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Role of Ethanol Metabolism
		Role of Stereo-Selectivity in the Effects of Salsolinol
		Neurotoxicity of Salsolinol By-products
	Summary Points
	References
25 Brain Networks in Active Alcoholism and Enduring Recovery: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electrophysiological S...
	List of Abbreviations
	Brain Networks in Active Alcoholism
	Compensatory Mechanisms of Resting State Brain Network Synchrony in Long-Term Abstinent Alcoholics
	Compensatory Mechanisms of Resting State Synchrony in Short-Term Abstinent Alcoholics
	Differences in Resting State Synchrony Between Long-Term Abstinent Alcoholics With Versus Without Comorbid Drug Dependence
	Degree of Resting State Synchrony During Early Alcohol Abstinence Predicts Subsequent Relapse
	Longitudinal Study of Network RSS in STAA
	LTAA With a Current Major Depressive Disorder
	Resting State Synchrony in LTAA With Versus Without a Current Major Depressive Disorder
	P3b Amplitude in LTAA With Versus Without a Current Major Depressive Disorder
	Parallel ICA Identifies EEG Coherence Correlates of rs-fMRI Synchrony
	Implications for Treatment
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Executive Control Networks
		Appetitive Drive Networks
	Summary Points
	References
26 Central Role of Amygdala and Hypothalamus Neural Circuits in Alcohol Withdrawal Symptom
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Alcohol Withdrawal as a Hallmark of Physiological Dependence
		Amygdala and Alcohol Withdrawal
		Hypothalamus and Alcohol Withdrawal
		Other Brain Regions Implicated in Alcohol Withdrawal
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
	Summary Points
	References
Part III: Psychology, Behavior, and Addiction
27 Neural Reward Processing in Human Alcoholism and Risk: A Focus on Event-Related Potentials, Oscillations, and Neuroimaging
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Reward Circuitry
	Electrophysiological Findings
		ERP Findings in Alcoholism
			Error-Related Paradigm
			Outcome-Related Paradigm
			Alcohol Cue Reactivity Paradigm
		ERO Findings During Reward Processing in Alcoholism
	Neuroimaging Findings
		Structural Findings on Reward System in Alcoholism
		Reward Related Functional MRI Findings in Alcoholism
		Functional Connectivity Findings on the Reward System in Alcoholism
			Resting State Functional Connectivity
			Task Related Functional Connectivity
	Issues and Future Directions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
	Summary Points
	References
28 Occipito-Temporal Sensitivity and Emotional Faces in Alcohol Use Disorder
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	AUD and Emotion
	Emotional Facial Expressions
	Neural Correlates of EFE Identification
	Brain Model of Core and Extended Regions of EFE Processing
	Implications of EFE Processing Deficits
	Functional Connectivity Between Core and Extended EFE Network Regions
	Alcohol-Related Cues and EFE Recognition
	Considerations for Future Research of AUD and EFE Processing
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Emotional Facial Perception and Recognition
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgment
	References
29 Alcohol and Violence in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: Neural Mechanisms
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Neurobiological Mechanisms
		Neurochemistry
			Serotonin
			Dopamine
			Monoamine Oxidase-A
		Neuroelectrophysiology
		Structural Brain Changes
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Monoamine Oxidase-A
	Summary Points
	References
30 Language Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
	List of Abbreviations
	Language Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
		Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Structural Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
		Functional Lateralization in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Developmental Problems in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
	Summary Points
	References
31 Deprivation in Rewards and Alcohol Misuse
	List of Abbreviations
	Deprivation in Rewards and Alcohol Misuse
		Measurement of Reward Deprivation/Substance-Free Reinforcement
		Demand
		Substance-Free Reinforcement
	Alternative Reinforcement Among Teenagers and Adolescents
	Alternative Reinforcement Among College Students and Emerging Adults
	Relation Between Gender and Alternative Reinforcement
	Relation Between Social Context and Alternative Reinforcement
	Alternative Reinforcement Among Adults
	Alternative Reinforcement as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor for Comorbid Psychopathology
		Treatment Targeting Reward Deprivation
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Reward Deprivation
	Summary Points
	References
32 Alcohol (Mis)Use in Individuals With Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disability
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Prevalence
		Prevalence of Alcohol (Mis)use and Alcohol Use Disorder
		Screening and Assessment
	The Neuropsychological Underpinnings of Alcohol Use Disorder
		Dual Process Models of Addiction
		Deficiencies in Information Processing in Problematic Drinkers With Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disability
	Conclusion and Implications for Practice
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Intellectual Disabilities
	Summary Points
	References
33 Sex, Stress, and Neuropeptides Interact to Influence Alcohol Consumption
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
	Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Alcohol Consumption and Adaptations
	β-Endorphin’s Role in Alcohol Consumption
	β-E, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Sex Interact to Regulate Drinking to Cope
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Sex Differences in Alcohol Consumption
	Summary Points
	Implications for Treatments
	References
34 Maternal Separation Stress in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Case of Double Whammy
	List of Abbreviations
	Neurodevelopment Is a Long-Lasting Continuum Modulated by Environment
	Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
	Revealing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Etiology via an Animal Model
	Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Face Additional Postnatal Challenges
	Modeling Maternal Separation in Rodents
	Implications for Treatments
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
	Summary Points
	References
35 Impulsivity and Binge Drinking: A Neurocognitive Perspective
	List of Abbreviations
	Binge Drinking as a Harmful Alcohol-Consumption Pattern
	A Multilevel Conceptualization of Impulsivity in Binge Drinking
	One Step Beyond: Framing Future Research on Impulsivity in Binge Drinking
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Cognitive Impairments in Binge Drinking
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
36 Acetaldehyde and Motivation
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Acetaldehyde Has Its Own Motivational Properties
	Acetaldehyde Induces an Addictive Phenotype
	Endocannabinoids and Neuropeptide Y
	Acetaldehyde Mediates Alcohol Motivational Properties
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary OF Terms
	Key Facts
		Acetaldehyde
	Summary Points
	References
37 Age-Related Differences in the Appetitive and Aversive Motivational Effects of Alcohol
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	What Are the Motivational Effects of Alcohol, and How Do We Measure Them?
	Do the Motivational Effects of Alcohol Change Across the Life Span?
		Alcohol-Induced Taste Aversion
		Alcohol-Induced Place Conditioning
	Concluding Comments
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Animal Models of Alcohol Use Disorders
	Summary Points
	References
38 Alcoholism in Bipolar Disorders: An Overview of Epidemiology, Common Pathogenetic Pathways, Course of Disease, and Impli...
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Common Pathogenetic Pathways
	Genetic Factors
	Neurophysiological Correlates
	Psychopathological Correlates
	Clinical Features, Course and Prognosis
	Treatment Implications
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Bipolar Disorders
	Summary Points
	References
39 Socio-Emotional Deficits in Severe Alcohol Use Disorders
	List of Abbreviations
	The Importance of Socio-Emotional Factors in Severe Alcohol Use Disorders
	A Typological Review of Social Cognition in Patients with AUD
	Towards a Deeper Understanding of Social Cognition in Patients with AUD
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Social Cognition in Alcohol Use Disorders
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
40 Relapse Risks in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorders
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Relapse as It Applies to AUD
		Recovery From AUD
			Biopsychosocial Model
			Stages of Behavioral Change Model
		Risk Of Psychological Relapse
			Craving
			Coping Skills
			Self-Efficacy
			Spirituality
		Sociological (Environmental) Relapse Risks
			Interpersonal Relationships
			Family
		Resilience for Recovery
			Recovery Support to Increase Resilience
			Resilience Associated With Self-Disclosure and Relapse Risks in Patients With AUD
			Innate/Acquired Resilience Have a Mutually Reinforcing Relationship
	Implications for Treatments
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Relapse Risks in Patients with AUD
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgment
	References
41 The Neurocognitive Effects of Alcohol Hangover: Patterns of Impairment/Nonimpairment Within the Neurocognitive Domains o...
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	What Is a Hangover?
	Measuring Hangover
	Organizing Research on Neurocognitive Performance During Hangover
	Neurocognitive Performance During Hangover
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Hangover
		Blood Alcohol Concentration
	Summary Points
	References
Part IV: Pharmacology, Neuroactives, Molecular, and Cellular Biology
42 Neuroactive Steroids and Ethanol Exposure: Relevance to Ethanol Sensitivity and Alcohol Use Disorders Risk
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Alcohol Affects Neuroactive Steroid Concentrations
		Acute Alcohol Effects
		Chronic Alcohol Effects
	Neuroactive Steroids Mediate Specific Behavioral Effects of Ethanol
	Neuroactive Steroids Influence Drinking Behavior in Rodents
	Individual Variation in Neuroactive Steroids Contributes to Ethanol Intake in Rodents and Monkeys
		Individual Variation in Neuroactive Steroids May Contribute to Alcohol Use Disorder in Humans
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Neuroactive Steroids
	Summary Points
	References
43 Alcohol’s Effects on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine
	List of Abbreviations
	Overview of Striatal Anatomy and Function
	Dopamine in the Striatum
		Reward Prediction Error
		Incentive Salience
	Techniques for Measuring Extracellular Striatal Dopamine in Animals
	Ethanol’s Acute Pharmacological Effects on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine
	Effects of Alcohol Self-Administration on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine
	Clinical Studies of Alcohol’s Effects on Extracellular Striatal Dopamine
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Phasic Versus Tonic Dopamine Signals
	Summary Points
	References
44 Nicotinic Cholinergic Mechanisms in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Cholinergic Nicotinic Mechanisms in Alcohol Dependence
		Nicotinic Acetylcholine Mechanisms in Alcohol Dependence With Comorbid Addictive and/or Psychiatric Disorders
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
	Summary Points
	Conflict of Interest
	Acknowledgments
	References
45 Opioid System and Alcohol Consumption
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		The Role of Endogenous Opioids and Their Receptors in Brain Reward Processes
		Effects of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Intake on Opioid Peptides and Receptors
	Deficiency of β-Endorphins and Alcohol Consumption
	Opioid Antagonists and Alcohol Consumption
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
	Summary Points
	References
46 The Enkephalinergic System and Ethanol Effects
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Ethanol and Opioid Effects on Dopaminergic Transmission: Role in Reinforcement
	Acute and Chronic Ethanol Effects on Enkephalinergic Transmission
	Prenatal Ethanol Effects on Enkephalinergic Transmission
	Implications for Treatments
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Alcoholism
	Summary Points
	References
47 Alcohol and Central Glutamate Activity: What Goes Up Must Come Down?
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Glutamate
		Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs)
		Group I mGluRs
		Group II mGluRs
		Group III mGluRs
		Effects of Ethanol on mGluRs
		Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
		NMDARs
		AMPARs
		KARs
		GRIDs
		Effects of Ethanol on iGluRs
		Glutamate-Associated Transporters
		Vesicular Glutamate-Associated Transporters
		Effects of Ethanol on Glutamate Transporters
		The Mesocorticolimbic Reward System
		Ethanol and the Mesocorticolimbic Reward System
		Future Directions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Key Synaptic Components of the Glutamatergic System Include
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgements
	References
48 Ethanol and Hippocampal Gene Expression: Linking in Ethanol Metabolism, Neurodegeneration, and Resistance to Oxidative S...
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Metabolism of Ethanol in the Hippocampus
	Chronic and Long-Term Effects of Ethanol in the Hippocampus
	Acute Nontoxic Ethanol Intake, Hippocampal Gene Expression, and Antioxidant Potential
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
	Summary Points
	References
49 Stress, Alcohol, and Hippocampal Genes
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes Following Exposure to Stress
	Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes Following Exposure to Ethanol
	Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes Following Exposure to the Combination of Stress and Ethanol
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Summary Points
	References
50 Genes and Alcoholism: Taste, Addiction, and Metabolism
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Taste and Alcoholism
	Alcohol Addiction
		Influence of Alcoholism-Related Taste and Addiction Genes With Food Choice
	Alcohol Metabolism Genes
	Sociocultural Factors
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Genetic Marks for Alcoholism
	Summary Points
	References
51 Ethanol Exposure During Development, and Brain Oxidative Stress
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Ethanol Metabolism in the Fetal Brain
	Mechanisms Underlying Fetal Brain Ethanol Toxicity
	Effects of Ethanol Exposure During Development on ROS Production and Oxidative Stress
	Use of Antioxidants as Therapeutic Strategies for FASD Treatment
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		FASD
	Summary Points
	References
52 Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Brain: Suggested Mechanisms, Associated Disorders, and Therapeutic Strategies
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress
	Brain Disorders Associated With Oxidative Stress
	Therapeutic Approaches in Oxidative Stress-Related Brain Disorders
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Oxidative Stress
	Summary Points
	References
53 Lead Exposure and Ethanol Intake: Oxidative Stress as a Converging Mechanism of Action
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Oxidative Stress
	Lead
	Ethanol
	Lead and Ethanol
	Lead, Ethanol, and Oxidative Stress
	Lead, Ethanol, Oxidative Stress, and Drug Consumption
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology
	Summary Points
	References
Part V: Alcohol and Other Addictions
54 Alcohol and Gambling Addiction
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Alcoholism and Gambling Comorbidity, Epidemiological Data
	Development Factors Related to Comorbidity Between Alcoholism and Gambling
	Biological Factors Related to Alcoholism and Gambling Comorbidity
	Personality Traits and Comorbidity of Alcoholism and Gambling Disorder
		Impulsive and Compulsive Behavior
		Emotion Regulation
	Treatment Problems
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Alcohol and Gambling Disorder
	Summary Points
	References
55 Neuroscience of Alcohol and Crack Cocaine Use: Metabolism, Effects and Symptomatology
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Consumption
	Alcohol and Crack Cocaine Mixture Metabolism
	Cocaethylene and Its Neural System Actions
	Final Considerations
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Cocaethylene
	Summary Points
	References
56 The Impact of Ethanol Plus Caffeine Exposure on Cognitive, Emotional, and Motivational Effects Related to Social Functioning
	List of Abbreviations
	Caffeine as a Modulator of Ethanol Abuse Liability
	The Neuromodulator Adenosine: Common Target for Ethanol and Caffeine
	Social Interaction and Its Modulation by Anxiety: Impact of Caffeine–Ethanol Interaction
	Social Recognition: Effect of Caffeine and Alcohol on Cognition and Memory
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Caffeine Consumption
	Summary Points
	References
Part VI: Biomarkers and screening
57 Biomarkers of Alcohol Misuse
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Ethanol
	Indirect Biomarkers
		Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin
		Gamma Glutamyltransferase
		Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase
		Mean Corpuscular Volume
	Direct Markers
		Alternative Sampling Strategies of Interest in the Context of Follow-Up of Alcohol (Mis)use
		Direct Alcohol Metabolites
			Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate
			Phosphatidylethanol (PEth)
			Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters
	Implications for Patient Treatment and Follow-Up
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Indirect Ethanol Biomarkers
		Direct Ethanol Biomarkers
	Summary Points
	References
58 Phosphatidylethanol Homologs in Blood as Biomarkers for the Time Frame and Amount of Recent Alcohol Consumption
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		The Discovery of Phosphatidylethanol
		Development of Phosphatidylethanol as an Alcohol Marker
		Studies on the Synthesis and Elimination of Phosphatidylethanol After Controlled Alcohol Consumption
		The Potential to use Different Phosphatidylethanol Homologs to Indicate Recentness of Alcohol Consumption
	Summary and Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Phosphatidylethanol as a Direct Biomarker of Alcohol Consumption
	Summary Points
	Sources of Support
	References
59 Metabolomics to Differentiate Alcohol Use Disorders From Social Drinkers and Alcohol-Naive Subjects
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Alcohol Drinking and Its Detrimental Effects
		Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol Use Disorder
	Current Diagnostic Methods of Alcohol Use Disorder
		AUD Questionnaires
		Biomarkers
	Metabolomics in Alcohol Use Disorders Diagnosis
		Using 1H-NMR Spectroscopy in Metabolomics
		Metabolomics to Investigate Alcohol Consumption in Humans
		Urinary and Plasma Metabolomic Profiling to Discriminate Between Alcohol Use Disorders, Social Drinkers, and Alcohol-Naive ...
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Metabolomics
		Principal Component Analysis
	Summary Points
	References
60 Meconium Biomarkers of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Alcohol Use in Women During Pregnancy
		Metabolism of Alcohol: Pregnancy, Embryo/Fetus, Neonate
		Alcohol Consumption in Pregnancy and Biological Matrices
		Alcohol-Related Analytes in Meconium
		Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters
		Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate
	Conclusion
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		About Prenatal Alcohol Use and Meconium
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
61 Applications of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in Distinct Health Areas
	Introduction
	In What Context Are These Instruments Worked With? Are There Country-Related Differences?
	Is the Proposed Structure of the AUDIT Valid?
	What Are the Most Frequently Used Cut-Off Points?
	Is It Possible to Improve the AUDIT by Changing Any Element?
	Does the AUDIT Surpass Other Methods of Alcohol Consumption Screening?
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Audit
	Summary Points
	References
62 Craving Measurement and Application of the Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire
	List of Abbreviations
	Definition of Craving
	Craving Measurement
		Definition and Theoretical Foundation
		Temporal Reference
		Psychometric Integrity
		Administration Demand
		Clinical Utility
		Limitations and Practical Considerations
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Craving
		Alcohol Craving Experience questionnaire
	Summary Points
	References
Part VII: Treatments, strategies and resources
63 Negative Emotions and Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
		The Psychological Tension Reduction Hypothesis Model
		The Psychiatric Comorbidity Model
		The Neuroscientific Opponent Process Model
	Concluding Remarks
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Negative Emotions and Alcohol Use
	Summary Points
	References
64 Use of Baclofen in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Clinical Approach
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Role of GABAB Receptors in Alcohol Use Disorder
	Clinical Pharmacology of Baclofen
	Clinical Efficacy of Baclofen in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder
	Safety Profile of Baclofen
	Controversies in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder With High Doses of Baclofen
	Conclusions and Outlook
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease (AILD)
	Summary Points
	References
65 Baclofen-Induced Neurotoxicity
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Baclofen Prescription for Ethanol Abstinence
	Baclofen Pharmacokinetics
	Baclofen-Related Adverse Effects at Therapeutic Doses
	Baclofen-Related Neurotoxicity in Overdose
	Alterations in Baclofen Pharmacokinetics in Overdose
	Management of the Baclofen-Poisoned Patient
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		GABAB Receptors
	Summary Points
	References
66 Treatment With Nalmefene in Alcoholism
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Treatment Goals in Alcohol Dependence
	Nalmefene for Reduction of Alcohol Consumption
	Nalmefene-Licensed Population
	Nalmefene Efficacy and Safety
		Clinical Trials Design
		Clinical Trials Results
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Unmet Medical Needs Supported by the Availability of Nalmefene
	Summary Points
	References
67 Dual Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorders: Combining Naltrexone With Other Medications
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Naltrexone
	Combinatorial Pharmacotherapeutics
	Naltrexone+Prazosin
	Naltrexone+Varenicline
	Naltrexone+Fluoxetine
	Naltrexone+Bupropion
	Summary
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		AUD Treatment
	Summary Points
	References
68 The Avermectin Family as Potential Therapeutic Compounds for Alcohol Use Disorder: Implications for Using P2X4 Receptor ...
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Overview of Purinergic P2X4 Receptors
	Relationship Between P2X4Rs and Ethanol
		In Vitro Evidence
		In Vivo Evidence
	Preclinical Investigations of Avermectins
		Preclinical Ivermectin Study
		Preclinical Moxidectin Study
		Anti-alcohol Mechanism(s) of Avermectins
	Implications for Treatments
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		The Burden of Alcohol Use Disorders
	Summary Points
	References
69 Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: Clinical Picture and Therapeutic Options
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Alcohol Withdrawal: A Wide Range of Symptoms
	Laboratory Parameters as Diagnostic Tools
	Questionnaires: Tools to Grade Severity of Symptoms
	Aspects to Bear in Mind Before Therapeutic Intervention
	How to Treat
	Benzodiazepines: Different Ways of Application
	Beyond Benzodiazepines
	Mini-Dictionary of Terms
	Key Facts
		Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
	Summary Points
	References
70 Resources for the Neuroscience of Alcohol
	List of Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Summary Points
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
Back Cover