NeuroPhytomedicine

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Preface
Editor Biography
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Phytochemicals: Recent Trends Pertaining to Beneficial Effects on Neurological Disorders
	1.1. Introduction
	1.2. Global Burden of Neurological Disorders
	1.3. Pathophysiology of NDs
		1.3.1. Alzheimer\'s Disease
		1.3.2. Parkinson\'s Disease
		1.3.3. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
		1.3.4. Huntington\'s Disease
		1.3.5. Multiple Sclerosis
	1.4. Medical Treatment Strategies for Neurological Disorders
	1.5. Neuroprotective Effects of Medicinal Plants
		1.5.1. Crocus sativus
		1.5.2. Nigella sativa
		1.5.3. Bacopa Monniera (Brahmi)
		1.5.4. Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha)
		1.5.5. Centella asiatica (Mandookaparni)
		1.5.6. Santalum album (Chandan)
		1.5.7. Curcuma Longa (Haldi)
		1.5.8. Ferula Assafoetida (Asafoetida)
		1.5.9. Thymus vulgaris (Thyme)
		1.5.10. Coriandrum sativum (Coriander)
		1.5.11. Shankhpushpi
		1.5.12. Angelica Archangelica L. (Umbelliferae)
		1.5.13. Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)
		1.5.14. Commiphora Whighitti (Burseraceae)
		1.5.15. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae)
	1.6. Nanodrug Delivery of Natural Compounds
	1.7. Medicinal Properties of Herbs and their Clinical Uses
	1.8. Future Direction
	1.9. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Neuroprotective Potentials of Phytochemicals
	2.1. Introduction
	2.2. Neurodegenerative Diseases
		2.2.1. Anxiety
		2.2.2. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		2.2.3. Depression
		2.2.4. Dementia
		2.2.5. Epilepsy
		2.2.6. Excitotoxicity
		2.2.7. Schizophrenia
	2.3. Overview of Phytochemicals
	2.4. Neuroprotective Potential of Phytochemicals
		2.4.1. Phenols and Polyphenols
		2.4.2. Flavonoids
		2.4.3. Alkaloids
		2.4.4. Terpenoids
		2.4.5. Fatty Acids
		2.4.6. Berberine
		2.4.7. Limonoids
		2.4.8. Sulforaphane
		2.4.9. Hypericin and Pseudohypericin
		2.4.10. Curcumin
		2.4.11. Resveratrol
		2.4.12. Allium and Allicin
	2.5. Mechanism of Action of Phytochemicals with Respect to Neuroprotection
	2.6. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Novel Extraction and Characterization Methods for Phytochemicals Identified as Neuroprotective
	3.1. Introduction
	3.2. Preliminary Preparation of Plant Material
	3.3. Extraction
		3.3.1. Maceration
		3.3.2. Infusion
		3.3.3. Percolation
		3.3.4. Digestion
		3.3.5. Decoction
		3.3.6. Cold Extraction
		3.3.7. Soxhlet Extraction
		3.3.8. Microwave-assisted Extraction
		3.3.9. Ultrasound-assisted Extraction
		3.3.10. Accelerated Solvent Extraction
		3.3.11. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
		3.3.12. Deep Eutectic Solvents
		3.3.13. Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
		3.3.14. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Extraction
	3.4. Fractionation and Purification Techniques
		3.4.1. Separation Funnel Technique
		3.4.2. Fractional Distillation
		3.4.3. Fractional Crystallization
		3.4.4. Fractional Liberation
		3.4.5. Sublimation
		3.4.6. Chromatographic Techniques
		3.4.7. Types of Chromatography
	3.5. Identification of Phytochemicals
		3.5.1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
		3.5.2. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
		3.5.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
		3.5.4. Mass Spectroscopy (MS)
	References
Chapter 4: The Neuroprotective Effect of Alkaloids and Synthetic Derivatives
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. Neuroprotective Alkaloids
		4.2.1. Atropine
		4.2.2. Berberine
		4.2.3. Boldine
		4.2.4. Caffeine
		4.2.5. Galantamine
		4.2.6. Harmine
		4.2.7. Huperzine
		4.2.8. Koumine
		4.2.9. Lobeline
		4.2.10. 17 Oxo Sparteine
		4.2.11. Papaverine
		4.2.12. Piperine
		4.2.13. Protopine
		4.2.14. Skimmianine
		4.2.15. Solasodine
		4.2.16. Tomatine and Tomatidine
		4.2.17. Trigonelline
		4.2.18. Vincamine
	4.3. Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Derivatives of Neuroprotective Alkaloids
	4.4. Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 5: Molecular Mechanism of Action of Phytoconstituents in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
	5.1. Introduction
	5.2. Phytoconstituents for Stress-Related Disorders
	5.3. Phytoconstituents Used for Anxiety
	5.4. Phytoconstituents Used for Depression
		5.4.1. Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibitors (MAOI-A)
		5.4.2. HPA Axis and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Phytoconstituents
		5.4.3. Inhibition of Kynurenine Pathway
	5.5. Phytoconstituents Used for Psychosis
	5.6. Phytoconstituents Used for OCD
	5.7. Phytoconstituents for Insomnia
	5.8. Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Chapter 6: The Role of Epigenetic Modifications by Phytoconstituents in Neurological Ailments
	6.1. Neurological Disorder Mechanism
		6.1.1. Autism
		6.1.2. SCD
		6.1.3. Parkinson\'s Disease
		6.1.4. Alzheimer\'s Disease
		6.1.5. Multiple Sclerosis
	6.2. Epigenetic Mechanism of Neurological Disorders
	6.3. Phytochemicals for Neurological Disorder
		6.3.1. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
		6.3.2. Berberine
		6.3.3. Curcumin
		6.3.4. Resveratrol
		6.3.5. Apigenin
		6.3.6. Limonoids
	6.4. Epigenetic Modifications of the Phytochemical
	References
Chapter 7: Applications of Phyto-Nanotechnology in Neurological Disorders
	7.1. Introduction
	7.2. Neurodegenerative Disease
	7.3. Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of Phyto-Nanomedicine
	7.4. Recent Trends of Phyto-Neuro Medicine
		7.4.1. Protein-Based Nanoparticles
		7.4.2. Polymeric Nanoparticles
		7.4.3. Liposomes-Based Drug Delivery Systems
		7.4.4. Green Synthesized Nanoparticles
		7.4.5. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Nanofibers
	7.5. Current Pros and Future Scope
	7.6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Application of Neurophytomedicine for Protective Intervention and Remediation of Multiple Diseases
	8.1. Introduction
	8.2. Application of Phytomedicine in Human Medical Care
	8.3. Therapeutic Approach to Neurological Diseases Through Neurophytomedicine
	8.4. Application of Nanotechnology in Neurophytomedicine
	8.5. Application of Biotechnology for Better Use of Neurophytomedicine
	8.6. Future Prospective of Phytomedicine in Disease Control
	8.7. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Role of Phytopharmaceuticals as Adjuncts in Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme
	9.1. Introduction
	9.2. Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme
		9.2.1. Unique Histopathology of Glioblastoma Multiforme
		9.2.2. Oncogenic Pathways
	9.3. Therapeutic Approaches to GBM
		9.3.1. Surgery
		9.3.2. Radiation Therapy
		9.3.3. Chemotherapy
		9.3.4. Shortcomings of Chemotherapy
	9.4. Bioactive Phytopharmaceutical as Adjuncts to Chemotherapy
		9.4.1. Resveratrol
		9.4.2. Quercetin
		9.4.3. Curcumin
		9.4.4. Boswellic Acids
		9.4.5. Epigallocatechin Gallate
	9.5. Emerging Nanotechnology Delivery Approach for Bioactive Phytopharmaceutical: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy to GBM
	9.6. Regulatory Aspect of Phytopharmaceuticals
	9.7. Conclusion and Future Prospectives
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Chapter 10: Eugenol as Neuro-Phytomedicine: Recent Trends Pertaining to the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
	10.1. Introduction
	10.2. Eugenol and its Properties
	10.3. Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Eugenol in Various Neurological Disorders
		10.3.1. Depression
		10.3.2. Alzheimer\'s Disease
		10.3.3. Parkinson\'s Disease
		10.3.4. Stress and Stress-Related Disorders
		10.3.5. Eugenol for the Treatment of Stroke
		10.3.6. Traumatic Brain Injury
	10.4. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Deciphering the Deep Learning and Machine Learning Tactics in Advancement of Neuroprotection by Phytochemicals
	11.1. Introduction
	11.2. Phytochemical Constituents of Natural Plant Products
	11.3. Alzheimer\'s Disease - A Critical Prospect of Neurotoxicity
	11.4. Cognition
	11.5. Bioactivities of Naturally Derived Phytoconstituents
		11.5.1. Polyphenols
		11.5.2. Saponin
		11.5.3. Carotenoids (CT)
		11.5.4. Flavonoids
	11.6. Machine Learning and Deep Learning Tactics in Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development
		11.6.1. Machine Learning Approaches
		11.6.2. Deep Learning Approaches
	11.7. Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of Interest
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 12: Future Trends and Directives for Research on Phytochemicals in Neurological Diseases
	12.1. Introduction
	12.2. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Beneficial Effects of Phytochemicals
	12.3. Phytochemicals in the Regulation of Biochemical Activities
		12.3.1. Modulation of Enzyme Activities
		12.3.2. Stimulation of Adaptive Responses
		12.3.3. DNA Methylation
		12.3.4. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
		12.3.5. Induction of Tumour Suppressor Genes
		12.3.6. Stimulation of the Immune System
		12.3.7. Antibacterial and Antiviral Effect
	12.4. Phytochemicals and Neurohormetics
		12.4.1. Phytochemicals Protecting Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		12.4.2. Neuroprotective Mechanisms
		12.4.3. Neurohormetic Phytochemicals Regulating Immune Function
		12.4.4. Hormesis-induced Memory Performance
		12.4.5. Hormetic Studies
		12.4.6. Drug Reaction to Neurological Medications
	12.5. Issues Concerning the Use of Phytochemicals in Human Health
		12.5.1. Phytochemicals and Biphasic Dose Responses
	12.6. Conclusion
	12.7. Future Discussions
	References
Index