Neurological Modulation of Sleep: Mechanisms and Function of Sleep Health

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Neurological Modulation of Sleep: Mechanisms And Function Of Sleep Health
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Contributors
Preface
	Introduction and Background of Sleep Disruption
	Adverse Effects of Sleep Disruption
	Dietary Components and Sleep
	Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sleep
	Neuromodulation of Sleep
	Vitamins, Amino Acids, and Sleep
Section A: Introduction and background of sleep disruption
1. Physiological and Cultural Perspectives of Sleep Disorders' Impacts in Middle East Countries
	Introduction
	Prevalence of Sleep Disorders in Middle East Countries
		Sleep in Patients and Caregivers
		Physiological and Cultural Aspects of Sleep Disorders
	Impacts of Sleep Disorders
		Sleeping in Adolescence
		The Impacts of Sleep Disorders in Adult Populations
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Diabetic Microvascular Complications
	Interventional Initiatives
	Sleep Clinics and Sleep Medicine Education
	Research
	References
2. Chronotype and Performance in Students
	Chronotype
	Performance and Chronotype
	Daytime Sleepiness, Sleep Quality, and Life Habits in Adolescents
	Summary/Conclusion
	References
3. Circadian Changes in Gut Peptide Levels and Obesity
	Introduction
	Molecular Control of Circadian Rhythms in the Brain and Gut
	Gut Peptides: Connecting Sleep–Wake Disruption With Metabolic Dysregulation
	Circadian Changes in Gut Peptide Levels: Entrained by Food
		Food Entrainment of Gut Peptides
		What Is the Role of Gut Peptide Entrainment?
	Mechanisms of Food Entrainment-Induced Gut Peptide Rhythms
	Circadian Changes in Gut Peptide Levels: Independent of Food
		Daily Rhythms of Gut Peptides That Are Independent of Meal Entrainment, but Depend on Obesity
		Influence of Obesity on the Gut Peptide Rhythms
	Sleep, Palatable Foods, Gut Peptides, and Obesity: What Is the Link?
	References
4. Obesity, Inflammation, and OSA: Exercise as Therapy
	Introduction
	Obesity as a Main Risk Factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
	The Vicious Cycle Between Obesity and OSA
	Inflammation: A Common Link Between Obesity and OSA
	OSA and Obesity-Related Disorders
	Effects of Exercises and Nutrition on the Treatment of Obesity and OSA
	Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
	Further Reading
5. Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
	Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep
		Mechanism of the Molecular Circadian Clock
		Timing of Sleep
		Duration of Sleep
		Intracellular Signaling Molecules in Sleep
	Genetics of Sleep Disorders
	Genetics of Circadian Rhythm Disorders
		Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
		Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
	Insomnia
		Fatal Familial Insomnia
		Restless Legs Syndrome
	Hypersomnia
		Narcolepsy
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
	Parasomnia
	NREM Parasomnias
		Confusional Arousals
		Sleepwalking
		Sleep Terrors
	REM Parasomnias
	Conclusion
	References
6. Sleep, Genetics, and Human Health
	Introduction
	Sleep and Human Diseases
		Sleep Duration
		Chronotype
		Insomnia
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea
		Snoring
		Daytime Sleepiness
	The Genetics of Sleep
		GWAS of Sleep Duration
		GWAS of Chronotype
		GWAS of Insomnia
		GWAS of Snoring, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
	Gene-Sleep Interaction on Human Diseases
	Future Direction and Conclusion Remarks
	References
7. Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
	Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
	Mechanisms Underlying the Development of OHS
		Obesity and Lung Function
		Respiratory Drive
		Sleep-Disordered Breathing
		Metabolic and Neurohormonal Influences on Ventilation
	Clinical Consequences of OHS
	Treatment Modalities and Outcomes
		Pharmacotherapy
		Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
			Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
			Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
			CPAP Versus Bilevel Therapy in OHS With OSA
			Managing OHS With Acute Respiratory Decompensation
			Outcomes of PAP Therapy
			Adherence to PAP
			Weight Loss and Lifestyle Modifications
	Conclusion
	References
8. Sleep Satisfaction, Sleep–Wake Pattern, and Aging
	Introduction
	Associations Between Sleep–Wake Pattern, Sleep Satisfaction, and Age
	Neurophysiological Underpinning of the Age-Modulating Link Between Sleep–Wake Pattern and Sleep Satisfaction
	Acknowledgments
	References
9. Etiopathogenesis of Circadian Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disorders
	Introduction
		Delayed Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder
		Advanced Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder
		Irregular Sleep–Wake Type Disorder
		Non–24-Hour Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disorder
		Shift Work Type Disorder
		Jet Lag Disorder
	Conclusion
	References
Section B: Adverse effects of sleep disruption
10. Modulation and Consequences of Sleep Duration in Child Obesity
	Introduction
	Sleep Duration in Child Obesity
		Obesity Physiopathology
		Sleep Physiology
		Sleep Modulation and Obesity in Childhood
		Biological Mechanisms Linking Sleep Duration and Obesity and Their Consequences
			Short-Duration Sleepers
			Long-Duration Sleepers
		Sleep Duration Recommendations
	Conclusion
	References
11. Physiopathology of Narcolepsy and Other Central Hypersomnias
	Introduction
	Narcolepsy
	Narcolepsy Type 1
		Hypocretin (orexin) Deficiency
		Genetic Factors
		Autoimmunity
	Narcolepsy Type 2
		Hypocretin Deficiency
		Autoimmunity
	Idiopathic Hypersomnia
		Hypocretin Deficiency
		Genetic Factors
		Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disturbance
	Kleine–Levin Syndrome
		Hypocretin Deficiency
		Genetic Factors
		Autoimmunity
	Infection
	Conclusion
	References
12. Lateral Hypothalamic Control of Sleep in the Context of Cancer
	Introduction
	Sleep Disruption in Patients With Cancer and Cancer Survivors
	Arousal Circuitry
	Lateral Hypothalamic Control of Sleep/Wake States
		Hypocretin Neurons
		Melanin Concentrating Hormone Neurons
		GABAergic Neurons
		Leptin-Receptor Expressing Neurons
	Integration of Systemic Signals in the Lateral Hypothalamus
		Signals of Energy Balance and Metabolic State
		Stress and Glucocorticoids
		Immunity and Injury
	Cancer Deregulates Systemic Factors That Influence Hypothalamic Function
	Conclusion and Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
13. Sleep Dysfunction and Intestinal Dysbiosis
	Introduction
	Sleep Physiology
	Sleep Dysfunction and Its Link to Intestinal Dysbiosis
		Intestinal Hyperpermeability
		Endotoxemia, Inflammation, and the Innate Immune Response
		Distinct Microbial Changes
	Conclusion
	References
14. Sleep Restriction and Circadian Misalignment: Their Implications in Obesity
	Introduction
	Sleep Restriction and Circadian Misalignment
		Factors Leading to Sleep Restriction and Circadian Misalignment
			Exposure to Artificial Light at Night
			Discrepancy Between Internal and External Clocks
	Relations Among Sleep Restriction, Circadian Misalignment and Diet
	Mechanisms Linking Sleep Restriction and Circadian Misalignment With Obesity
		Alterations Over the Homeostatic and Hedonic Regulation of Food Intake
			Homeostatic Regulation of Food Intake
			Hedonic Regulation of Food Intake
		Alterations Over Meal Timing
		Alterations on Energy Expenditure
		Alterations on Metabolism
	Beneficial Effect of Sleep Hygiene on Obesity
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
15. Exercise, Sleep, and Type 1 Diabetes
	Introduction
	Background on Diabetes and Management Approaches
		Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
		Glucose Management in Type 1 and Insulin-Dependent Type 2 Diabetes
	Type 1 Diabetes and Sleep Quality
	Impact of Exercise on Sleep in Type 1 Diabetes
	Impact of Sleep on Glycemic Control
	Mechanisms for Sleep and Exercise Impact on Type 1 Diabetes
		Mechanisms of Exercise Influence on Nocturnal Hypoglycemia
		The Dawn Phenomenon and Hormone Responses at Night
		Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Restriction Impact on Glucose Metabolism
	Integrating Sleep and Exercise Metrics Into Type 1 Diabetes Management
	References
16. Hypocretin (Orexin): What It Does and How It Links With Narcolepsy and Food Choices
	Hypocretin
		Hypocretin Receptors
		Functions of Hypocretin
		Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
		Cycle Sleep/Wake Cycle
		Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Regulation of Neuroendocrine Spindles
		Regulation of Neuropsychological Reward Processes
	Narcolepsy Type 1 as a Model of Hypocretin Deficiency
	Hypocretin, Narcolepsy, and Comorbidities
		Narcolepsy and Olfaction
		Narcolepsy and Sympathetic Activity
		Narcolepsy and Sleep–Wake Cycle
	Hypocretin, Obesity, Food Preference, and Narcolepsy
		Narcolepsy and Obesity
	References
17. Neuropathic Pain and Sleep Quality
	Introduction
	Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms
		Evaluation Criteria for Neuropathic Pain7
		Classification of the Reasons of Neuropathic Pain6
		Characteristics of Neuropathic Pain
		Diagnosis and Treatment
	Pathophysiology of Sleep Disorders
	Nonpharmacologic Interventions of Sleep Disorders
	Cognitive Behavior Therapy
		Cognitive Therapy
		Sleep Education
		Stimulus Control
		Sleep Hygiene
		Relaxation
	Conclusion
	References
18. Sleep Quality in Neurodegenerative Diseases
	Introduction and Neurosurgical Aspects
		Basic Neurobiology of the Central Nervous System
		An Overview of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		Neurodegenerative Diseases and Sleep Disorders
		Basic Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology of Sleep
		A View of the Future: Neurobiology and Neurosurgery
	Sleep Quality in Neurodegenerative Diseases
	Evaluation of Sleep Quality in Neurodegenerative Diseases
	Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Neurodegenerative Diseases
	Parkinson's Disease
		Insomnia
		Hypersomnia
		Central and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
		Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
	Alzheimer's Disease
		Insomnia
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea
	References
19. The Effects of Short Sleep Duration and Deprivation on Gustation and Olfaction: Implications for Dietary Intake
	Introduction
	Effects of Short Sleep Duration on Taste Function and Perception
		Measurement
		Sensitivity Testing
		Hedonics
		Mechanisms by Which Short Sleep Duration May Affect Taste Perception
	Effects of Short Sleep Duration on Olfactory Function and Perception
		Measurement
		Sensitivity
		Identification
		Mechanisms by Which Short Sleep Duration May Affect Olfactory Function
	Future Directions
	Conclusions
	References
Section C: Dietary components and sleep
20. High-fat diet Influences on Sleep Regulation: Lessons From Animal Studies
	Introduction
	References
21. Chronotypes, Eating Habits, and Food Preferences: An Intervention Proposal for Obesity Treatment
	Chronobiology, Chronotype, and Eating Habits
	Influence of Chronotype on Obesity Development
	Influence of Chronotype on Eating Habits
	Influence of Chronotype on Food Preferences
	Chronotype-Adjusted Diet: Suitable for Obesity Treatment?
	References
22. The Influence of Diet on Sleep
	Introduction
	Relation Between Diet and Sleep
		Diet and Sleep Duration
		Diet and Insomnia
		Diet and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
		Summary
	Diet as a Modifier of Sleep: Intervention Studies
		Impact of Overall Dietary Patterns on Sleep Quality
		Impact of Overall Dietary Patterns on Sleep Disorders
	The Impact of Specific Foods on Sleep: Randomized Trials
		The Effect of Milk on Sleep Duration and Quality
		The Effect of Fruit on Insomnia Symptoms and Sleep Duration and Quality
		The Effect of Seafood Intake on Sleep Duration and Quality
		The Effect of Pungent Spices on Sleep Architecture
		Summary
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
23. Impact of Sleep Restriction on Food Intake and Food Choice
	Introduction
	Epidemiological Findings and Meta-Analyses
	Sleep, Appetite, Hunger, and Food Intake
	Potential Mechanisms of Increased Hunger and Appetite
	Controlled in Laboratory Studies on Hunger and Appetite
	Sleep Deficiency and Energy Expenditure
	Sleep, Appetite, and Reward Systems
	The Endocannabinoid System
	Sleep Quality and Food Intake
	Sleep Extension and Food Intake
	Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
24. Moderate Sleep Restriction and Body Composition
	Introduction
	Cross-sectional Observational Studies
	Prospective Observational Studies
	Interventional Studies: Short-term Studies
	Interventional Studies: Longer-term Studies
	Conclusion
	References
25. Sleep, Stress, and Vitamin D
	Introduction
	Sleep: A Serious Health Problem
		Prevalence of Sleep Disorders and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
		Sleep and Pain
	Sleep, Stress, and Metabolism and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
	Sleep Burnout and Metabolism
	Sleep and Vitamin D
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
Section D: Caffeine, alcohol and sleep
26. The Role of Tea in Sleep Improvement and Cancer Prevention
	Introduction
	Cancer and Tea
	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Tea and Sleep
	Green Tea and Sleep
	Chamomile Tea and Sleep
	Other Teas and Sleep
	The Amino Acid l-Theanine in Tea and Sleep
	Summary
	References
27. Sleep Health and Alcohol Use
	Introduction
	Alcohol Effects on Sleep Physiology
	Alcohol Effects on Sleep Behavior
	Alcohol Effects on Subjective Sleep Experience
	Effect of Sleep Health on Alcohol Use
	Clinical Implications
	Future Directions
	Conclusion
	References
28. Caffeine, Sleep, and Antioxidant Status
	Introduction
	Caffeine: Antioxidant or Prooxidant?
		Antioxidant Effects of Caffeine: Evidence from Animal Studies
		Antioxidant/Prooxidant Effects of Caffeine: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Human Studies
	Sleep Physiology
	Sleep: Oxidant or Antioxidant?
		Sleep Deprivation and Oxidative Stress
	Caffeine and Sleep
	Caffeine, Sleep Deprivation, and Brain Behavior
		Sleep Deprivation, Oxidative Stress, and Memory Deficits: Potential Roles of Caffeine
		Caffeine, Sleep Deprivation, and Oxidative Stress Interactions: the Place of Adenosine Receptors
	Conclusion
	References
29. Alcohol Intake, Sleep Deprivation, and Neuromuscular Fatigue
	Introduction
		Human Movement: Neuromuscular Perspective
		Neuromuscular Fatigue: Concepts and Considerations
		Alcohol Intake and Neuromuscular Performance
		Sleep Deprivation and Neuromuscular Performance
	Conclusion
	References
30. Sleep Disorders and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
	Introduction
	Physiological and Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy and Effects on Sleep and Sleep Disorders
	Anatomical Changes Which can Affect Sleep and Sleep Disorders
		Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea
			Definition
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy: Prevalence and Severity
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Gestational Diabetes
		Mechanisms Linking Obstructive Sleep Apnea to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening during Pregnancy
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment during Pregnancy
		Sleep Duration in Pregnancy
		Sleep Duration and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
		Mechanism Linking Sleep Duration to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
		Sleep Duration Optimization and Glucose Metabolism
		Sleep Quality in Pregnancy
		Sleep Quality and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
		Mechanism Linking Sleep Quality to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
		Optimization of Sleep Quality
		Restless Legs Syndrome
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
31. Sleep and Use of Green Tea With Lowered Caffeine: Decreased Early Morning Awakening and Increased Slow-Wave Sleep
	Introduction
	Preparation of LCGT and the Interaction of Caffeine With Other Tea Components
	Clinical Studies of LCGT in Elderly and Middle-Aged Participants
	Effect of LCGT Intake on Sleep
	Effect of LCGT on sAA and Sleep
	Discussion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Section E: Neuromodulation of sleep
32. Neurological Modulations of Sleep: Mechanisms and Function in Sleep Health
	Overview
	Sleep, Energy Metabolism, Hunger
	Central Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
	Peripheral Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
	Summary
	References
33. Surgery: A Focus on the Hypoglossal Nerve for Sleep Apnea
	Introduction
	Hypoglossal Nerve Implant Descriptions
		ImThera Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation (LivaNova)
		Inspire Medical Systems (Inc., Maple Grove, MN)
		Timeline for Implantation
	Indications of Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
		Indications
		Contraindications of Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
	Published Data on Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Therapy With the Inspire Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
	Results in Subgroups of Patients After Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
		Quality of Life
		Use of Device
		Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation and Age
		Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation and Body Mass Index
		Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation and Other Surgical Therapies
		Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation and Down Syndrome
		Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation and Cardiovascular Effects
		Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation and Sleep Architecture
		Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulations and Changes in Voice and Swallowing
	Operative Technique of Inspire Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
	System Activation and Titration After Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
	Titration With a Polysomnography
	Conclusions
	References
34. Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Rett Syndrome
	Clinical Vignette
	Introduction
	Sleep and Rett Syndrome
	Sleep Characteristics
	Polysomnogram Findings
	Respiratory Pattern during Sleep
	Evaluation of Sleep Disorders
	Treatment of Sleep Disorders
	Future Directions
	Clinical Pearls
	References
35. Sleep Problems and Disorders Associations With Eating Behavior and Obesity
	Introduction
	Sleep Problems and Eating Disturbances/Obesity
		Sleep Duration as a Risk Factor for Weight Gain/Obesity
		Sleep Problems as Correlates/Risk Factors for Eating Behavior Disturbances and Weight in the General Population
		Sleep-Related Eating Disorder and Eating Disturbances/BMI
	The Association Between Eating Behavior Disturbances and Sleep Problems
		Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, and Sleep Problems
		Night Eating Syndrome and Sleep Problems
		Eating Behavior Disturbances and Sleep Problems in the General Population Subjects
	Weight, Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Sleep Problems
		Weight Alterations in AN Patients and Sleep
		Body Mass Index and Sleep Problems in Subjects from the General Population
		Obesity and Sleep Problems
	Eating Behavior Disturbances and Sleep Problems: Potential Psychological Mechanisms of Association
	Discussion
	References
36. Sleep and Addictions: Linking Sleep Regulation With the Genesis of Addictive Behavior
	Sleep Patterns
		Circadian and Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep
		Sleep and Plasticity
	Mechanisms of Addiction
		Negative Affect Regulation
		Reward Sensitivity
		The Role of Plasticity in Addictions
	Linking Sleep and Sleep Difficulty with Addiction Pathways
		Sleep Disturbances and Addictions
			Sleep Disturbance and Negative Affect
			Sleep Disturbance and Behavioral Activating System
		Shared Neurobiological Substrates of Sleep and Addictions
	Sleep, Plasticity, and Addictions—Tying It all Together
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Section F: Vitamins, amino acids and sleep
37. Chrononutritional Modulation of Sleep and the Circadian Clock by Amino Acids
	Introduction
	Bioregulatory Functions of Amino Acids
	Modulation of Stress- and Sleep-Related Behaviors by Amino Acids
	Screening of Amino Acids that Modulate the Circadian Clock
	l-Serine as an Enhancer of Light-Induced Circadian Resetting
	l-Ornithine as a Modulator of Sleep, Stress, and the Circadian Clock
	Glycine as a Modulator of Sleep
	Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
38. Linking Vitamin D and Sleep
	Vitamin D and Sleep
	Vitamin D and Sleep Disorders
		Vitamin D and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
			Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment and Vitamin D in OSAS
			Sleepiness and Vitamin D in OSAS
		Vitamin D and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
		Vitamin D and Narcolepsy
		Vitamin D and Insomnia
	Discussion
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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