Neurobiological and Psychological Aspects of Brain Recovery

Preface
Preface to 2nd Edition
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Understanding the Mechanisms of Dendritic Arbor Development: Integrated Experimental and Computational Approaches
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biomedical Relevance
	1.3 Developmental Neurogenetics
		1.3.1 Transcriptional Control of Dendritic Development and Cytoskeletal Modulation
	1.4 Neurogenetic and Neurogenomic Techniques
	1.5 Dendritic Reconstructions: Data Acquisition, File Formats, and Morphological Databases
		1.5.1 History and Progress in Tissue Labeling
		1.5.2 Advancements in Microscopy
		1.5.3 Advancements in Reconstruction Systems
		1.5.4 Large-Scale Databases
		1.5.5 File Formats and SWC
	1.6 Computational Modeling of Dendritic Growth
	1.7 Integrated Approach by Combining Experimental and Computational Protocols
	References
Chapter 2: Autophagy Mechanisms for Brain Recovery. Keep It Clean, Keep It Alive
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Autophagy Machinery
	2.3 Basal Autophagy in Neurons
	2.4 The Role of Autophagy in Neurodevelopment and Neurogenesis
	2.5 Autophagy and Neurological Pathologies
	2.6 Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		2.6.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
		2.6.2 Parkinson’s Disease
		2.6.3 Huntington’s Disease
	2.7 Autophagy in CNS Trauma
		2.7.1 Traumatic Brain Injury
		2.7.2 Spinal Cord Injury
		2.7.3 Remote Degeneration After Focal CNS Damage
	2.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Environmental Enrichment and Functional Plasticity in the Hippocampus – An Update on the Mechanisms Involved
	3.1 Environmental Enrichment, from Its Definition to the Multiple Levels of Complexity
	3.2 Functional Effects of EE in Hippocampal Plasticity, a Perspective Shift
	3.3 Synaptic Transmission and Cell Excitability
	3.4 Synaptic Plasticity
	3.5 EE and Space Representations in the Hippocampus
	3.6 Looking for New Mechanisms Underlying EE Effects
	3.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Translatable Models of Brain and Cognitive Reserve
	4.1 The Theory of Brain and Cognitive Reserve and Supporting Evidence in Humans
	4.2 Necessity and Design of Animal Models
	4.3 Experimental Paradigms to Study BCR
		4.3.1 Animal Models of Brain Ageing
		4.3.2 Environmental Enrichment (EE)
		4.3.3 Voluntary Exercise
		4.3.4 Antioxidants
	4.4 Putative Neurobiological Mechanisms of BCR
		4.4.1 Overview
		4.4.2 Synaptic, Cellular and Physiological Mediators
			4.4.2.1 Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity
			4.4.2.2 Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
			4.4.2.3 Glial Contributions
			4.4.2.4 Vascular Alterations
		4.4.3 Molecular Regulators
			4.4.3.1 Gene Expression, Epigenetic and Chromatin Modifications
			4.4.3.2 Neurotrophins
			4.4.3.3 Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulator Dynamics
	4.5 Conclusion
		4.5.1 Enviromimetics
		4.5.2 Room for Improvement
		4.5.3 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Cognitive Reserve: A Life-Course Perspective
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Early Life: Childhood Cognitive Ability
	5.3 Early Adulthood: Educational Attainment
	5.4 Mid-Life: Occupational Attainment and Mental Activity
	5.5 Late Life: Social Networks and Leisure Activities
	5.6 Life-Course Model of Reserve
	References
Chapter 6: Neural Correlates of Brain Reserve: A Neuroimaging Perspective
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Proxy Measure of CR
	6.3 Reserves and AD-Related Biomarkers
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Non-pharmacological Approaches Based on Mind-Body Medicine to Enhancement of Cognitive and Brain Reserve in Humans
	7.1 Introduction: What Are Cognitive Reserve and Brain Reserve?
	7.2 Application of the Reserve Theory in Neurology
		7.2.1 Healthy Ageing and Alzheimer’s Disease
		7.2.2 Multiple Sclerosis
		7.2.3 Parkinson’s Disease
	7.3 Non-pharmacological Approaches Based on Mind-Body Medicine to Enhancement of Cognitive and Brain Reserve in Neurological Conditions
		7.3.1 Mind-Body Medicine and Interventions
		7.3.2 Meditation in Healthy Ageing and Alzheimer’s Disease
		7.3.3 Meditation in Multiple Sclerosis
		7.3.4 Meditation in Parkinson’s Disease
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Roles of Synaptic Plasticity in Functional Recovery After Brain Injury
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Synaptic Plasticity
		8.2.1 Hippocampal LTP
		8.2.2 Cerebellar LTD
		8.2.3 Motor Learning and Cerebellar LTD
		8.2.4 Synaptic Reorganization Through Sprouting of Axons
	8.3 Neural Mechanisms Underlying Recovery of Hand Movement After Spinal Cord Injury
		8.3.1 Spinal Descending Pathways Related to Hand Movement Control
		8.3.2 Experimental Model of Spinal Paralysis
		8.3.3 Role of Spinal Interneurons in Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury
		8.3.4 Spinal and Cerebellar Plasticities Underlying Recovery of Grip Function
		8.3.5 Cerebral and Other Mechanisms Underlying Recovery of Grip Function
		8.3.6 Regeneration of CST May Be Important in Clinical Spinal Cord Injury
	8.4 Reorganization of Neural Network After Injury of Sensory Pathway
		8.4.1 Neural Network Reorganization After Deafferentiation of Somatosensory Pathway
		8.4.2 Compensation for Vestibular Function After Unilateral Labyrinthectomy
		8.4.3 Brainstem Mechanism Underlying Vestibular Compensation
		8.4.4 Role of the Cerebellum in Vestibular Compensation
	8.5 Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Neurorehabilitation
		8.5.1 TMS of Brain
		8.5.2 TDCS of Brain
		8.5.3 Brain Stimulation as a Tool for Neurorehabilitation
	8.6 Recent Progress in Neurorehabilitation Techniques
		8.6.1 Learning of the Use of Instruments to Assist Limb Movement
		8.6.2 Application of Regenerative Medicine for Brain Injury
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Integrated Methods of Neuromodulation for Guiding Recovery Following Stroke
	9.1 The Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) Techniques
	9.2 Stroke
	9.3 Motor Function
	9.4 Aphasia
	9.5 Hemispatial Neglect
	References
Chapter 10: Resilience in Brain Networks After Stroke
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Methodological Aspects
		10.2.1 Network Analysis
	10.3 Anticipation
	10.4 Diaschisis
	10.5 Recovery
	10.6 Adaptation
	10.7 Therapy
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Epigenetics and Brain Plasticity: Back to Function
	11.1 The Epigenetic Regulation of Neuronal Plasticity
		11.1.1 Synaptic Plasticity
		11.1.2 Adult Neurogenesis
	11.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms and CNS Injury Recovery
		11.2.1 Stroke
		11.2.2 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
		11.2.3 Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
	11.3 Epigenetic Regulation in Psychiatric Disorders
		11.3.1 Epilepsy
		11.3.2 Anxiety Disorders and Depression
		11.3.3 Schizophrenia
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Functional Role of Physical Exercise and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Depression and Mood Disorders
	12.1 Introduction: Depression and Mood Disorders
		12.1.1 Neurotransmitter Theory
		12.1.2 Neurotrophins, Neurogenesis, and Neuroinflammation Hypothesis
	12.2 Effects of Exercise on Depression and Mood Disorders
		12.2.1 Effects of Exercise on Neurotransmitters
		12.2.2 Effects of Exercise on Neurotrophins, Adult Neurogenesis, and Neuroinflammation
	12.3 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Depression and Mood Disorders
		12.3.1 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Neurotransmitters
		12.3.2 Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Neurotrophins, Adult Neurogenesis, and Neuroinflammation
	12.4 Additional Effects of Exercise and Omega 3 Fatty Acids
	12.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13: Brain Recovery in Childhood: The Interaction Between Developmental Plasticity and Regenerative Mechanisms
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Pediatric Stroke
		13.2.1 Epidemiology
		13.2.2 Clinical Manifestations
		13.2.3 Diagnosis
		13.2.4 Clinical Outcomes
	13.3 Brain Recovery in Childhood
		13.3.1 Plasticity in the Immature Brain
		13.3.2 Brain Development
	13.4 Mechanisms of Stroke Recovery in Developing Brain
		13.4.1 Effects of Time and Types of Lesion
		13.4.2 Other Factors Affecting Brain Recovery After Early Stroke
	13.5 Nonpharmacological Rehabilitation Interventions for Pediatric Stroke
		13.5.1 Constraint-induced Movement Therapy
		13.5.2 Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
		13.5.3 Robotics and Technology-Based Rehabilitation
		13.5.4 Stem Cell Therapies
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Estrogen Neuroprotective Activity After Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Brain Is a Sexually Dimorphic Organ
		14.2.1 Mechanism Proposed for Brain Sexual Differentiation
		14.2.2 Sex Hormone Receptors Distribution in the Brain
		14.2.3 Estrogen Receptors (ER)
		14.2.4 Progesterone Receptor
		14.2.5 The Brain Androgen Receptor (AR)
		14.2.6 Activity of Brain Sex Steroid via Non-genomic Action
	14.3 Estrogens and Brain Recovery
		14.3.1 Neuroprotective Effects of Estrogens After Cerebral Ischemia and Stroke
		14.3.2 Recovery After Spinal Cord/Brain Acute Injury
	14.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15: Making Meaning of Acquired Brain Injury: Resources for Functional Recovery
	15.1 Conceptual Model of Meaning and Coping
		15.1.1 Global Meaning
		15.1.2 Situational Meaning
		15.1.3 Appraised Meaning and Violations
		15.1.4 Coping and Meaning-Making
		15.1.5 Meanings Made
	15.2 The Model of Meaning and Coping in the Context of Acquired Brain Injuries
		15.2.1 ABIs and Their Consequences as Stressors
		15.2.2 Appraised Meaning
		15.2.3 Violations
		15.2.4 Coping
		15.2.5 Meanings Made
	15.3 Clinical Implications of a Meaning Model of ABIs
	References
Chapter 16: An Update on Premorbid Personality Traits and Brain Recovery: Another Aspect of Resilience
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 The Relationship Between Post-Brain Damage Depression and Premorbid Personality
	16.3 Personality Traits and Attachment Style as Risk or Resilience Factors
		16.3.1 Personality Traits
		16.3.2 Attachment Style
	16.4 Personality Factors in the Context of Reserves
	16.5 Premorbid Personality and Neurodegenerative Conditions
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17: Psychological Aspects of Recovery After Brain Injury: A Focus on Psychodynamic Factors
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Psychological Factors Involved in the Adaptation to Organic Disease
	17.3 Psychological Factors Implied in the Adjustment Response After Acquired Brain Damage
		17.3.1 Self-Awareness and Psychological Defensive Mechanisms After Brain Injury
			17.3.1.1 Specific Characteristics of Defensive Denial
			17.3.1.2 Clinical Implications
			17.3.1.3 Assessing Deficit of Awareness: Neurological and Psychological Factors
	17.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 18: Artificial Intelligence Applications for Traumatic Brain Injury Research and Clinical Management
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Artificial Intelligence Can Predict TBI Patients’ Outcome, Survival, and Mortality
	18.3 AI-based Prognostic Markers Identification
	18.4 Identifying Risk and Protective Factors
	18.5 Patients’ Subtypes Identification: The Biggest Step Toward Precision Medicine Development
	18.6 Artificial Intelligence Can Empower Next-Gen Instruments for Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Therapy in TBI Patients
	18.7 Conclusions
	References
Index