Networks In Water Governance

Acknowledgement......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Notes on Contributors......Page 9
List of Figures......Page 14
List of Tables......Page 17
1: Introduction......Page 19
Why This Book?......Page 21
Summary of Case Study Chapters......Page 23
Comparative Overview of Case Study Chapters......Page 29
Structure of the Book......Page 31
References......Page 32
Introduction......Page 34
Challenges of Dynamic Interdependencies in Water Governance......Page 36
First Challenge: Water Issues Are Questioning Established Organization Within Borders, Sectors, and Levels......Page 37
Second Challenge: Integrating Broad Ranges of Interests and Expertise......Page 39
From Early Development Until Today......Page 40
Integrated Water Resource Management......Page 41
Collaborative Environmental Governance......Page 42
Networks and Network Analysis......Page 44
Network Nodes......Page 45
Network Ties......Page 46
Micro-Level Network Measures: Centralities......Page 48
Meso-Level Network Measures: Clustering, Cliques, and Modularity......Page 49
Macro-Level Network Measures: Density, Centralization, Reciprocity, Transitivity, Core-Periphery......Page 50
Statistical Models of Network Data......Page 51
Common Limitations of Network Analytic Approaches......Page 54
References......Page 57
Introduction......Page 67
Theory......Page 70
Geography......Page 71
Policy Beliefs and Preferences......Page 72
Social Group Identity......Page 73
Sectoral Affiliations......Page 74
Trust and Reciprocity......Page 76
Empirical Case Study: The Spiny Lobster Initiative in Honduras......Page 77
The Spiny Lobster Initiative as Collaborative Governance......Page 78
Hypotheses: Geographic and Sectoral Function Segregation......Page 79
Methods and Analysis......Page 82
Survey and Network Data Collection......Page 83
Network Visualization and Community Detection......Page 84
Stochastic Actor Oriented Models......Page 91
Model Results......Page 93
Conclusions......Page 95
References......Page 97
Introduction......Page 102
Theory......Page 104
Theories of Political Networks......Page 105
Theories of Political Economy......Page 109
Theories of Political Institutions......Page 110
Case......Page 112
Methods......Page 116
Analysis......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 123
References......Page 124
Introduction......Page 129
Subsystems in an Overall Governance System......Page 133
Dynamics of Subsystem Structures......Page 134
Two Types of Crucial Actors......Page 136
The Case of Swiss Water Governance......Page 138
Data Gathering: Swiss Water Governance Issues and Actor Survey......Page 139
Bipartite Actor—Issue Networks......Page 141
Inductively Identifying Subsystems Through Bipartite Modularity......Page 142
Crucial Actors: Exploring a Measure Developed in Ecology......Page 143
Subsystem Identification......Page 144
Crucial Actors—Within- and Between-Subsystem Connectors......Page 146
Conclusions......Page 150
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 158
Theory......Page 162
Hypotheses......Page 164
Data Collection......Page 167
Data Analysis......Page 168
Quadratic Assignment Procedure......Page 169
Exponential Random Graph Models......Page 170
Case......Page 171
Results of the Quantitative Analysis......Page 173
Discussion......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 180
Appendix......Page 181
References......Page 182
Introduction......Page 186
Theory......Page 189
Case: Policy Change in the Lake Tahoe Basin......Page 191
Methods......Page 193
Step 1: Coding with Discourse Network Analyzer......Page 194
Network Data Analysis......Page 196
Results......Page 197
Beliefs Network......Page 199
Policy Positions Network......Page 201
Multiplex Network......Page 203
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 205
Appendix......Page 209
References......Page 212
Introduction......Page 216
Literature......Page 219
Case Description and Data Gathering......Page 222
Three Case Study Areas and Research Design......Page 223
Policy Network and Actor Identification Therein......Page 226
Collecting Network Data Through Surveys......Page 228
Methods of Descriptive Social Network Analysis (SNA)......Page 229
Edges and Vertices That Make a Graph......Page 230
Macro Level......Page 231
Meso Level......Page 232
Micro Level......Page 233
Analysis......Page 234
The Macro Level: Density, Reciprocity, and Connectedness Statistics......Page 235
The Meso Level: Components and Factions......Page 236
The Micro Level: Actors in Between: Building Bridges Across Factions......Page 241
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 244
References......Page 247
Introduction......Page 252
Theory......Page 254
Case Study......Page 257
Data Collection......Page 258
Social Network Analysis (SNA)......Page 260
Micro-Level Indicators......Page 261
Meso-Level Indicators......Page 262
Macro-Level Indicators......Page 263
Results for Degree Centrality......Page 264
Results for Betweenness Centrality......Page 265
Results of Core/Periphery Structure......Page 266
Results of E-I Indictor......Page 267
Results of Density......Page 268
Results of Reciprocity......Page 270
Conclusion......Page 271
References......Page 274
Introduction......Page 279
Theory......Page 281
Empirical Setting......Page 287
Data......Page 288
Protocols as Hypergraph, Bipartite, and Unipartite Networks......Page 291
Connectivity and Clustering in Actor-Rule Bipartite Networks......Page 294
Spectral Clustering of Protocol Hypergraphs......Page 295
Connectivity in Rule-to-Rule Networks......Page 297
Discussion......Page 299
Conclusion......Page 301
References......Page 302
Introduction......Page 306
Theory: Network Centrality and Actor Importance......Page 307
Policy Entrepreneurs......Page 308
Discovering Important Policy Actors through Network Analysis......Page 309
Challenges of Network Measurement......Page 311
Data: Networks in Urban Water Governance in Arizona, USA......Page 312
Data Collection......Page 313
The Tucson Water Governance Network......Page 314
Measurement of Actor Importance......Page 315
Data Analysis......Page 316
Circumstances in the Policy Setting......Page 319
Bias in Reporting and Content Type......Page 322
Conclusion......Page 323
References......Page 325
12: Conclusions......Page 332
Key Findings per Chapter......Page 334
Learnings from and for the Application of Network Concepts and Measures to Water Governance......Page 337
Recommendations for Academia and Practice......Page 341
References......Page 343