Networks for learning and knowledge creation in biotechnology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Introduction......Page 15
Networks of collaborations and learning......Page 21
Levels of analyses: issues of micro-, mezzo-, and macro- in the study of networks......Page 24
Integration of levels of analysis......Page 26
Research on networks of collaborations......Page 27
Individual-level......Page 30
Interorganizational network relations at the individual level......Page 31
Intra-organizational networks at the interpersonal level......Page 36
Organizational-level......Page 38
Synthesis......Page 39
Implications for theory-building: back to the notion of markets, hierarchies, and networks......Page 44
Social networks and the founding and growth of firms......Page 46
The biotechnology industry and central organizational actors......Page 48
Incumbent large pharmaceutical firms......Page 52
NBFs......Page 55
Universities......Page 59
Regions......Page 66
National-level impact......Page 72
The institutional environment......Page 78
Comparing biotechnology and other knowledge-intensive industries......Page 81
NBFs......Page 85
Challenges confronting NBFs......Page 88
Analytical framework: human resources management......Page 90
Human resources function: personnel selection......Page 91
Human resources function: work assignment and training......Page 92
Human resources function: coordination and control (external)......Page 94
Human resources function and organizational culture: person - organization fit......Page 96
Biotechnology research consortia......Page 98
Biotechnology incubators......Page 99
University spin-offs......Page 103
Discussion......Page 105
4 Scientific entrepreneurship......Page 108
Biotechnology in Israel......Page 109
Entrepreneurial scientists......Page 110
Scientific collaborations in biotechnology......Page 112
Data......Page 114
Variables......Page 115
Dummy variables......Page 116
Regressions......Page 118
Difference between subgroups......Page 124
Characteristics of top entrepreneurial scientists......Page 126
Discussion......Page 131
Introduction......Page 135
Intellectual property rights......Page 140
Intellectual property rights......Page 143
Patenting and commercialization......Page 147
Other factors contributing to innovation diffusion......Page 150
Early commercialization......Page 152
Publishing and technological diffusion......Page 154
Concluding remarks......Page 158
Introduction......Page 160
Networking for R&D collaborations......Page 161
Metaphor for collaboration searches......Page 163
Methodology......Page 164
University-industry R&D collaborations in the biotechnology industry......Page 172
Technology-transfer and academic science......Page 173
Technology-transfer officers......Page 177
Search processes for university–industry R&D collaborations......Page 179
The linear model of networking for R&D collaborations......Page 180
The chaos model of networking for R&D collaborations......Page 182
Discussion and conclusion......Page 186
Endnote......Page 188
7 Trust in collaborations and the social structure of academic research......Page 189
Trust and credibility in academic scientific research......Page 193
The structure of trust relationships in academic science......Page 194
Intermediate trust......Page 195
Institutional trust......Page 196
Biotechnology and intellectual property......Page 197
The transformation of trust relationships among academic scientists......Page 198
Commercial interests and the nature of trust in academic science and in collaborations......Page 201
Complexity in the concepts of competition and collaboration, and the network form of organization......Page 207
The duality of competition and collaboration in the context of interorganizational networks......Page 212
Levels of analysis and differences in collaboration and competition......Page 214
Time and product life-cycle dimension effects on collaboration and competition......Page 216
Effects of the institutional environment on collaboration and competition......Page 223
Positive and negative externalities in interorganizational collaboration and competition......Page 224
Examples of positive externalities of competition in networks......Page 225
Stochastic exploration leading to diversity in R&D......Page 226
Free-riding and opportunism......Page 227
Reduction in learning efficiency as the number of collaborations grows......Page 228
Conclusions......Page 229
9 Further directions for understanding interorganizational collaborations and learning......Page 231
Additional implications for studying interorganizational networks......Page 236
Levels of analysis and formal/informal collaborations......Page 237
Process issues in collaborations......Page 239
Learning networks as exploration and exploitation......Page 242
Structure of networks: brokerage and closure in collaborative structures......Page 244
References......Page 247
Index......Page 269