Nephrology Worldwide

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	Editors
	Contributors
1: Nephrology Worldwide: the Vision, the Project, and the Mission
	Introduction
	Nephrology Worldwide
		The Vision
		The Project
		The Mission
	Nephrology Worldwide Highlights
		History
		Diseases and the Kidney
		Chronic Kidney Disease
		Nephrologists Worldwide
		Dialysis
		Renal Transplantation
		Home Dialysis
		Health Care Services, Registries, and Programs
		Acute Kidney Injury
		Final Remarks on Nephrology Worldwide Highlights
	Nephrology Education and the “Open Nephrology” Culture
	Future Perspectives for Nephrology Worldwide
	References
2: Nephrology Worldwide: A Perspective from the International Society of Nephrology
	Overview of Global Nephrology
		Epidemiology and Burden of Kidney Disease Worldwide
		Current State of Kidney Care and Challenges
			Health Finance and Service Delivery
			Health Workforce
			Essential Medicine and Technology
			Health Information Systems
			Leadership and Governance
	ISN’s Response to Major Problems Facing Global Nephrology
		Bridging the Gaps, Building Capacity, and Connecting Communities
		Tackling AKI
			0by25 Initiative
			Saving Young Lives Project
		Tackling CKD
			ISN Global Kidney Health Summit 2016
			GKHA 2016
			CKDu
		Tackling ESRD
			Affordable Dialysis Machine
			Global Kidney Health Summit 2018
			Collaboration with WHO
			Ethical Issues in Nephrology
			GKHA 2019
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Part I: Africa
	3: Nephrology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
		Introduction
		History of Nephrology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
		Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease and Other Important Renal Diseases
		Renal Replacement Therapy
		Kidney Transplantation
		Pediatric Nephrology
		Reimbursement and Health Policies
		Brief Overview of the Job Market for Professionals in the Sector, Member of Nephrology, and Their Roles in Health Care
		National Nephrology Society
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
		References
	4: Nephrology in Ethiopia
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Ethiopia
		Renal Diseases in Ethiopia
			Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Other Kidney Diseases
			Pediatric Nephrology
			AKI in Pediatrics
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Ethiopia
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Ethiopia
		Highlight of Nephrology in Ethiopia
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Ethiopia
		Conclusion
		References
	5: Nephrology in Nigeria
		Introduction
		History of Nephrology in Nigeria
		Renal Diseases in Nigeria
		Haemodialysis in Nigeria
		Peritoneal Dialysis in Adult Nigerians
		Kidney Transplantation in Nigeria
		Challenges of Renal Replacement Therapy
		Paediatric Renal Diseases in Nigeria
		Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
		Paediatric Haemodialysis in Nigeria
		Peritoneal Dialysis in Children in Nigeria
		Paediatric Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Approaches to Prevention of Kidney Diseases in Nigeria
		Nephrology Practice in Nigeria
		Nephrology Practice by Nigerians in the Diaspora
		Conclusion
		References
	6: Nephrology in South Africa
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology and Nephrology Highlights in South Africa
		Kidney Diseases in South Africa
			Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
				AKI in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
				AKI and Toxins
				Pregnancy-Related AKI
				‘Saving Young Lives’
			Chronic Kidney Disease
				Issues in the Diagnosis and Staging of CKD
				CKD Prevalence
				Common Causes of CKD and ESKD
					Diabetic Nephropathy
					Glomerulonephritis
					Kidney Disease Associated with HIV Infection
					Glomerular Disease Associated with Hepatitis B Virus Infection
					Hypertensive Renal Disease
					Genetic Disorders
		Kidney Replacement Therapy in South Africa
			Haemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Kidney Transplantation
		Paediatric Nephrology
			Adolescent Nephrology
		Nephrology Practice in South Africa
		Nephrology Education
		Conclusions
		References
	7: Nephrology in Uganda
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Uganda
		Renal Diseases in Uganda
			Renal Diseases in Pediatric Population
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Uganda
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Uganda
		Highlights of Nephrology in Uganda
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Uganda
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Americas
	8: Nephrology in Argentina
		Introduction
		Brief History of Argentine Nephrology
		Kidney Disease in Argentina
		Acute Renal Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Renal Disease in Pediatric Population
		Glomerulopathies
		Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) in Argentina
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Hemodialysis
		Kidney Transplant
		Nephrology Practice in Argentina
		Highlights of Nephrology in Argentina
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Argentina
		Conclusion
		References
	9: Nephrology in Bolivia
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Bolivia
		High-Altitude Polycythemia and Chronic Kidney Disease in Bolivia
		Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
		Renal Replacement Therapy Scenario
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Dialysis Reimbursement Policies
		Acute Kidney Injury in Bolivia
		Pediatric Nephrology
		Renal Transplantation: Living Donor and Deceased Donor
		Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Policies
		Nephrology Practice and Job Market
		Conclusion
		References
	10: Nephrology in Brazil
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Brazil
		Renal Diseases in Brazil
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury
			Renal Disease in Pediatric Population
			Glomerulopathies
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Brazil
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Critical Care Nephrology
		Nephrology Practice in Brazil
		Highlights of Nephrology in Brazil
			Renal Transplantation in Brazil
			World Kidney Day in Brazil
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Brazil
		Conclusion
		References
	11: Nephrology in Canada
		Introduction
		History of Nephrology in Canada
		ESRD Rates
		Kidney Transplant
		Home Dialysis
		HD Practices
		PD Practices
		Home HD Practices
		Pre-ESRD Care
		Transplantation Practices
		Funding
		Glomerular Diseases
		Acute Kidney Injury
		First Nations Populations and Kidney Disease
		Medications
		Nephrologists
		Nurses and Allied Health Professionals
		Pediatric Nephrology
		Renal Agencies
		References
	12: Nephrology in Chile
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Chile
		Renal Diseases in Chile
			Chronic Kidney Disease in Chile
			Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Dialysis in Chile
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Chile
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
			Pediatric Nephrology in Chile
		Nephrology Practice in Chile
		Highlight of Nephrology in Chile
			Earthquakes and Nephrology in Chile
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Chile
		Conclusive Remarks
		References
	13: Nephrology in Cuba
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Cuba
		Kidney Diseases in Cuba
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Cuba
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Hemodialysis
		Renal Transplantation
		Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Nephrology Practice in Cuba
		Conclusion
		References
	14: Nephrology in Mexico
		Introduction
		History of Nephrology in Mexico
			The Mexican Health-Care System
		Renal Diseases in Mexico
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Mexico
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Hemodialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Pediatric Nephrology
			Epidemiology of Pediatric CKD in Mexico
			Renal Replacement Therapy
		Nephrology Practice in Mexico
			Nephrology Workforce
		Emerging Issues
			CKD of Unknown Origin
			Pregnancy and CKD
		Conclusion
			Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Mexico
		References
	15: Nephrology in the United States of America
		Introduction
		About the USA
		Brief History of Nephrology in the USA
		Renal Diseases in the USA
		Renal Replacement Therapy in the USA
		Hemodialysis
		Home Hemodialysis
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Government Involvement in Dialysis
			Dialysis Adequacy
		The Arteriovenous Access
		Hospitalizations
			Heart Disease and Volume
		CKD Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)
			Serum Potassium
		Renal Transplantation
		Pediatric Nephrology
		Other Renal Diseases
		Nephrology Practice in the USA
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in the USA
		Conclusion
		References
	16: Nephrology in Uruguay
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Uruguay
		Renal Diseases in Uruguay
			National Renal Healthcare Program
			The CKD Registry
			Registry of Glomerulopathies and Kidney Biopsies
			Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Uruguay
			Epidemiology
			Reimbursement Policies
				Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment: Legal Framework and Financial Coverage
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation: Living and Deceased Donor
			Simultaneous Transplantation of Kidney and Other Organs
			Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Policies
		Nephrology Practice in Uruguay
			Pediatric Nephrology
		Highlights of Nephrology in Uruguay
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Uruguay
		Conclusion
		References
	17: Nephrology in Venezuela
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Venezuela
		Evolution of Nephrology Programs
		Kidney Diseases
			Epidemiology of Kidney Disease
			Kidney Disease in the General Population
			Prevention of Kidney Disease
		Renal Replacement Therapy Scenario
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis in the Country
			Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT)
			Dialysis Reimbursement Policies
			Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Renal Transplantation
			Living Donor and Deceased Donor
			Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Policies
		Pediatric Nephrology
			Epidemiological Aspects of Pediatric Nephrology
			Hypercalciuria and Nephrolithiasis in Children
			Epidemiological Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children
			Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis in Children
			Renal Transplantation in Children
		Science and Research in Nephrology in Venezuela
		Conclusions
		References
Part III: Asia
	18: Nephrology in Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Bangladesh
		Renal Diseases in Bangladesh
			Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
			Glomerulonephritis/Nephrotic Syndrome
			Diabetes and Kidney Disease
			Hypertension and Kidney Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
			Paediatric Nephrology
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Bangladesh
			Haemodialysis (HD)
			Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
			Renal Transplantation
				Complication of Renal Transplantation
					Immediate Complications
					Late Complications
				Mortality and Morbidity
				Outcome of Kidney Donors
				Transplant Tourism and Organ Trafficking
				Cost of Transplantation
				Barriers for Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Bangladesh
			Health System
			Workforce and Job Market
			Facilities
			Training and Research
			Paediatric Nephrology Practice
			Limitations of Renal Services in Bangladesh
		Highlights of Nephrology in Bangladesh
			Interventional Nephrology
			Transplant
			Awareness Programmes
			Pioneer Award
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Bangladesh
			Prevention
			HD
			CAPD
			Transplantation
			Healthcare System
		Conclusion
		References
	19: Nephrology in Cambodia
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Cambodia
		Renal Diseases in Cambodia
			ESRD Epidemiological Study by CAN
			Hypertension
			Diabetes Mellitus
			Glomerulonephritis
			Bilateral Renal Stones
			Other Renal Failure Etiologies
		The Renal Replacement Therapy Setting
			Hemodialysis Protocol
			Dialysis Access
			Dialyzers and HD Machines
				Dialyzer
				Dialyzer Reprocessing
				HD Machine Console
			Treatment of Anemia
			Mineral and Bone Disorders
			HD Centers
			Maintenance HD Systems
			Peritoneal Dialysis
		Dialysis Reimbursement Policies
		Acute Kidney Injury
			Fish Gallbladder Toxicity
			Rhabdomyolysis Following a Traffic Accident
			Improper Use of NSAIDs
		Critical Care in Nephrology
			CDC Infections
		Pediatric Nephrology
		Kidney Transplantation
		Highlights of Nephrology in Cambodia
			Human Resource Problems
			General Population’s Knowledge
			Financial Burden
			Availability of Dialysis
		Nephrology Practice and the Job Market
			Certificated Nephrologists in Cambodia
		The Nursing Care System at Chea Sim Hemodialysis Center at Calmette Hospital
		Cambodian Association of Nephrology
			The Association’s Goals
			Recent CAN Activities
		The Future of Nephrology in Cambodia
		Conclusion
		References
	20: Nephrology in China
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology: How Nephrology Began in the Country
		Highlights of Nephrology in the Chinese Mainland
		Prevalence and Awareness of CKD
		Burden of Kidney Failure
		Evolving Spectrum of Causes of CKD/ESRD
		IgA Nephropathy (IgAN)
		Membranous Nephropathy (MN)
		Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
		Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
		Lupus Nephritis (LN)
		Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis (AAV)
		Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Associated GD
		Diabetic Kidney Disease and Obesity-Related Kidney Disease
			Prevalence of Diabetes and Obesity in China
			Prevalence of Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) and Obesity-Related Kidney Disease in China
			Current Treatment and Prognosis of DKD in the Chinese Mainland
			Reimbursement Policies for DKD
		Hypertension and Hypertension-Related Kidney Disease
		Aging and Kidney Disease Burden
		Renal Replacement Therapy
		Hemodialysis
			Prevalence of HD
			Current Status of HD
			Survival Rate of Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
			Management of Anemia and Mineral and Bone Disorder
			HD Quality Control
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Dialysis Reimbursement Policies
		Organ Procurement and Transplant Policies
			The Process of Organ Donation
			Organ Allocation and Transplant Waitlist Registry
			Future Perspectives of Organ Donation
		Kidney Transplantation in the New Era
		Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Critical Care Nephrology
			AKI Disease Burden
			Critical Care Nephrology
			Access to RRT for AKI
		Nephrology Practice and Job Market in the Chinese Mainland
		RRT in HK Special Administrative Region (SAR)
		References
	21: Nephrology in India
		Introduction
		Economic and Health Indicators
		Brief History of Nephrology in India
		Measurement of Kidney Function
		Acute Kidney Injury in India
		Chronic Kidney Disease in India
		Renal Replacement Therapy in India
		Comorbidities and Infections in Patients on RRT
		Renal Diseases in Childhood
		Nephrology Practice in India
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in India
		Conclusions
		References
	22: Nephrology in Indonesia
		Introduction
		A Short History of Indonesian Society of Nephrology (InaSN)
		Renal Diseases in Indonesia
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Indonesia
			Resource for Nephrology Care
			Dialysis Unit
			Reimbursement Policy
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
		Renal Transplantation in Indonesia
		Nephrology Practice in Indonesia
			Nephrologist and Medical Education of Nephrologist in Indonesia
			Health Professionals Associated with Nephrology Practices in Indonesia
			Working in Indonesia as a Foreign Nephrologist
			Future Perspective of Nephrology in Indonesia
			Pediatric Nephrology in Indonesia
		References
	23: Nephrology in Iran
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Iran
		The Progress of Dialysis in Iran
		Achievements of the Iranian Nephrologists in the ISN
		Renal Diseases in Iran
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Iran
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Practice of Nephrology in Iran
		Highlights of Nephrology in Iran
			Renal Transplant Surgery in Iran
			World Kidney Day in Iran
		Conclusion
		References
	24: Nephrology in Israel
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Israel
		Renal Diseases in Israel
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Israel
		Kidney Transplantation in Israel
		Pediatric Nephrology in Israel
			Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease
			Genetic Kidney Diseases
			Pediatric Dialysis Services
			Pediatric Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Israel
		Highlights of Nephrology in Israel
			Management of Crush Injury
			CKD-MBD Research
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Israel
		Conclusion
		References
	25: Nephrology in Japan
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Japan
			History of Chronic Kidney Diseases
			Dialysis History
			Kidney Transplantation History
		Kidney Diseases in Japan
			Outline of CKD in Japan
			Primary Glomerular Diseases
			Diabetic Kidney Disease
			Other Kidney Diseases
			Action Plan Against CKD
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Japan
			Overview of Chronic Dialysis
				In-Center Hemodialysis/Hemodiafiltration (HD/HDF)
				Home Hemodialysis (HHD)
				Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
			Acute Kidney Injury
			Kidney Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Japan
			Medical Systems in Japan
			CKD Clinical Practice by Doctors and Medical Specialists
			Nephrologists in Japan
		Highlights of Nephrology in Japan
			Intensive Therapy of IgA Nephropathy
			Japanese Dialysis Concept
				CDDS and Dialysis Fluid Quality
				Protein-Permeable Dialysis and HDF
				Patient-Centered Dialysis Care
			Patients with Long Dialysis Vintage
		Future Problems and Perspectives of Nephrology in Japan
			Frail in Dialysis Patients
		Conclusion
		References
	26: Nephrology in Malaysia
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Malaysia
		Renal Diseases in Malaysia
			Lupus Nephritis
			IgA Nephropathy
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Critical Care Nephrology
			Pediatric Nephrology
		Renal Replacement Therapy
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Maintenance HD, Including Convective Therapies
			Dialysis Reimbursement
			Renal Transplantation: Organ Procurement and Transplantation Policies
			Clinical Transplant Practices and Outcomes
		Nephrology Practice in Malaysia
		Highlights of Nephrology in Malaysia
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Malaysia
		Conclusion
		References
	27: Nephrology in Pakistan
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Pakistan
		Renal Diseases in Pakistan
		Acute Kidney Injury
			Infections
			Toxins
			Animal Toxins
			Rhabdomyolysis
			Obstetrical
		Chronic Kidney Disease in Pakistan
			Kidney Stone Disease in Country
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Pakistan
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Pediatric Nephrology in Pakistan
		Nephrology Practice in Pakistan
		Future Perspectives
			Interventional Nephrology
			Deceased Organ Transplant
		Conclusion
		References
	28: Nephrology in Saudi Arabia
		Introduction
		Epidemiology and Nature of Kidney Diseases in Saudi Arabia
		Spectrum of Renal Biopsy Findings in Adults in Saudi Arabia
		Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Adults
		Aspects of Pediatric Nephrology in KSA
		Chronic Kidney Disease Among Saudi Children
		Spectrum of Renal Biopsy Findings in Children in Saudi Arabia
		Novel Hereditary Diseases with Tubular Dysfunction Described in Saudi Children
		AKI in Children
		Hemodialysis
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Kidney Transplantation
		Fasting the Month of Ramadan and Kidney Disease
			Fasting in Post-transplant Patients
			Fasting and HD Patients
			Fasting and PD Patients
			Fasting and Predialysis CKD
		Nephrology Practice in Saudi Arabia
		References
	29: Nephrology in Singapore
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Singapore
		Renal Diseases in Singapore
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Singapore
			Haemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Other Nephrology Services in Singapore
			Paediatric Nephrology
			Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Nephrology Practice in Singapore
			Training
			Hospital-Based Practice
			Salaries of Nephrologists
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Singapore
			Prevention, Early Intervention and Management of Kidney Diseases
			Peritoneal Dialysis Preferred Strategy
			Promotion of Living Donor Renal Transplantation
			Optimizing Haemodialysis Capabilities
			Advance Care Planning and Palliative Care Nephrology
		Conclusion
		References
	30: Nephrology in the Sultanate of Oman
		Introduction
		History of Nephrology in Oman
		Renal Diseases in Oman
		Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology in Oman
		Renal Replacement Therapy Scenario in Oman
		Peritoneal Dialysis in Oman
		Maintenance Hemodialysis in Oman
		Convective Therapies in Oman
		Dialysis Reimbursement Policies in Oman
		Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology in Oman
		Pediatric Nephrology in Oman
		Renal Transplantation in Oman
		Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Policies
		Nephrology Practice and Job Market
		References
	31: Nephrology in Thailand
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Thailand
		Renal Disease in Thailand
		Reimbursement of Nephrology in Thailand
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Thailand
			Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
			Chronic Renal Replacement Therapy
				Hemodialysis and Hemodiafiltration
				Peritoneal Dialysis
			Kidney Transplantation
				Medical Expense
				Outcomes
				High Immunologic Risk Patient
				Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Policies
		Human Resource in Nephrology Service in Thailand
		Highlights of Nephrology in Thailand
		Future Perspective of Nephrology in Thailand
		Conclusion
		References
	32: Nephrology in Turkey
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Turkey
		Renal Diseases in Turkey
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury
			Renal Disease in Pediatric Population
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Turkey
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Turkey
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Turkey
		Conclusion
		References
	33: Nephrology in the United Arab Emirates
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in the UAE
		Kidney Disease in the UAE
		Renal Replacement Therapy in the UAE
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
			Pediatric Nephrology
		Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Nephrology Practice in the UAE
		Highlights of Nephrology in UAE
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in the UAE
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Europe
	34: Nephrology in Albania
		Introduction
			The Health System and Services
		Brief History of Nephrology in Albania
		Renal Diseases in Albania
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Albania
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
			Nephrology Practice in Albania
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Albania
		Conclusion
		References
	35: Nephrology in Bulgaria
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Bulgaria
		Renal Diseases in Bulgaria
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Bulgaria
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Bulgaria
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Bulgaria
		Conclusion
		References
	36: Nephrology in Croatia
		Introduction
		A Brief History of Nephrology in Croatia
		Renal Diseases in Croatia
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury
			Balkan Endemic Nephropathy
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Croatia
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Kidney Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Croatia
		Highlight of Nephrology in Croatia
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Croatia
		References
	37: Nephrology in the Czech Republic
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in the Czech Republic
		Renal Diseases in the Czech Republic
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Predialysis Care
				Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Renal Replacement Therapy in the Czech Republic
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
				Organization of Transplantations in the Czech Republic
				Kidney Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in the Czech Republic
			Nephrology Job Market
		Conclusion
		References
	38: Nephrology in Denmark
		Introduction
			Healthcare in Denmark
		Brief History of Nephrology in Denmark
		Renal Diseases in Denmark
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Denmark
			Acute Kidney Disease
			Chronic Dialysis
			Haemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
				Pre-dialysis Clinics
				Unplanned Initiation of PD
				Assisted PD (AssPD)
			Renal Transplantation
			Paediatric Nephrology
				History
				Renal Diseases and Incidence
				Dialysis
				Transplantation
				Paediatric Nephrology Care Centres
		Nephrology Practice in Denmark
			Physicians
			Nurses
			Dieticians
		Highlights of Nephrology in Denmark
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Denmark
		Conclusion
		References
	39: Nephrology in France
		Introduction
			Identity Card of France
			State Organization
			Territorial Organization
			Climate
		History of Nephrology in France
		Renal Disease in France
			Nephrology Training
				Organization of Medical Studies and Specialization in Nephrology
				Nephrology Certification and Accreditation
		Nephrology Practices - Nephrologist Demography – Workforce – Training and Certification
			Nephrologist Demography
			Geographical Distribution
			Academic Nephrology: Teaching, Training, and Mentoring
				Nephrology Activity
				Attractiveness of Nephrology
		Chronic Kidney Disease Management and Renal Replacement Therapy for ESRD in France
			Healthcare Regulation of Kidney Disease Care
			Chronic Kidney Disease Management
				Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in France
				End-Stage Renal Disease Management
			Renal Replacement Therapy Health Trajectories and Figures
				Hemodialysis Epidemiology, Practices, and Outcomes
				Peritoneal Dialysis Epidemiology, Practices, and Outcomes
				Kidney Transplantation Epidemiology, Practices, and Outcomes
			Renal Replacement Therapy in Pediatric End-Stage Renal Disease Patients
		Acute Kidney Injury Management and Renal Replacement Therapy
		Healthcare Coverage and Cost of ESRD Patient Management
			Health Coverage for Kidney Disease Management
			Cost of End-Stage Renal Disease Management
		New Perspectives
		References
	40: Nephrology in Greece
		Introduction
		Short History of Nephrology in Greece
			Pediatric Nephrology in Greece
			The Hellenic Society of Nephrology
			The Greek Renal Registry
		Renal Diseases in Greece
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Greece
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Greece
		Future Perspectives
		Conclusions
		References
	41: Nephrology in Italy
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Italy
		Renal Diseases in Italy
		Acute Kidney Injury in Italy
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Italy
		Incidence of Renal Replacement Therapy in Italy
		Prevalence of Renal Replacement Therapy in Italy
		Mortality of Renal Replacement Therapy in Italy
		Renal Transplantation
		Critical Care Nephrology in Italy
		Pediatric Nephrology
		Nephrology Practice in Italy
		Highlights of Nephrology in Italy
			Renal Transplantation in Italy
			World Kidney Day in Italy
			The Italian Nephrological Community
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Italy
		Conclusion
		References
	42: Nephrology in Ireland
		Introduction to Health and Healthcare in Ireland
		Brief History of Nephrology in Ireland
		Professional and Advocacy Organisations
		Renal Disease in Ireland
			Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury
			Glomerulopathies
		Renal Disease in the Paediatric Population in Ireland
		Renal Replacement Therapy for ESRD in Ireland
			Centre-Based and Satellite Centre-Based Haemodialysis (HD)
			Home Haemodialysis (HHD)
			Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
			Renal Transplantation
		Critical Care Nephrology
		Nephrology Practice in Ireland
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Ireland
		Conclusion
		References
	43: Nephrology in the Netherlands
		Introduction of the Netherlands
		History of Nephrology in the Netherlands
			Historical Milestones
				Organization of Nephrology in the Netherlands
				Kidney Disease in the Netherlands
			Paediatric Nephrology in the Netherlands
			Chronic Haemodialysis in the Netherlands
			Peritoneal Dialysis in the Netherlands
			Renal Transplantation in the Netherlands
				Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Policies
				Cadaveric Renal Transplantation
				Living Renal Transplantation
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in the Netherlands
		Conclusion
		References
	44: Nephrology in Poland
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology – Understanding How Nephrology Began in the Country
		Renal Diseases
		Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Epidemiology and Renal Replacement Therapy Scenario
			CKD Prevalence
			CKD Epidemiology
			Renal Replacement Therapy Scenario
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Maintenance Haemodialysis
		Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Paediatric Nephrology
			Epidemiology of CKD
			Renal Replacement Therapy: Dialysis and Transplantation
			Renal Replacement Therapy in Paediatric AKI
			Renal Transplantation
			Reimbursement
		Renal Transplantation: Living-Donor and Deceased-Donor. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Policies
			Renal Transplantation Policy in Poland [25]
			Donation
				Deceased Donors (DD)
				Living Donors (LD)
			National Waiting List (NWL) and Kidney Allocation [26]
				Immunological Work-Up in Poland
			Renal Transplantation [26]
			Patients and Grafts Survival [26]
			Reimbursement
		Nephrology Practice and Job Market
		Highlights of Nephrology in Poland
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Poland and Conclusion
		References
	45: Nephrology in Portugal
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Portugal
		Renal Diseases in Portugal
			Introduction
			Portuguese Registry for Renal Biopsies
			Biopsy-Based Diagnosis of Kidney Disease
			Chronic Kidney Disease in the General Population
				Epidemiology
			Acute Kidney Injury
				Incidence, Mortality and Causes of Acute Kidney Injury
				Clinical Practice Patterns
				Treatment Modalities for Acute Kidney Injury
				The Role of the Nephrologist in the ICU
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Portugal
			Introduction
			Haemodialysis
				Incidence and Prevalence
				Vascular Access
				Mortality
				Haemodialysis Patient Disposition
				Waiting List for Renal Transplantation
				Haemodialysis Facilities
				Private For-Profit Share of Haemodialysis Facilities
				Treatment Modalities
				Haemodialysis Reimbursement System
			Peritoneal Dialysis
				Background
				Incidence and Prevalence
				Peritoneal Dialysis Access
				Mortality
				Waiting List for Renal Transplantation
				Treatment Modalities
				Peritoneal Dialysis Reimbursement System
				Final Remarks
			Renal Transplantation
				Background
				The Kidney Allocation System
				Deceased Donor Transplant
				Living Donor Transplant
				Hypersensitized Patients
				Conclusion
		Renal Replacement Therapy in the Paediatric Population
			Brief History of Paediatric Nephrology in Portugal
			Incidence and Prevalence of ESRD in the Paediatric Population
		Nephrology Practice in Portugal
		Conclusion
		References
	46: Nephrology in Russia
		Geographic and Economic Features of Russia
		Brief History of Nephrology in Russia
		Medical and Epidemiological Highlights Relevant to Kidney Care
		Financial Indicators of Kidney Care
		Nephrology Taskforce and Practice in Russia
		Chronic Kidney Disease in Russia
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Russia
		Hemodialysis
		Peritoneal Dialysis
		Kidney Transplantation
		Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology in Russia
		Pediatric Nephrology
		Conclusion
		References
	47: Nephrology in Spain
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Spain
			First Milestones
			Early Kidney Transplantation Experiences
		Renal Diseases in Spain
			Incidence of RRT
			Prevalence of RRT
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Spain
			Hemodialysis
				Hemodialysis Structures
				Hemodialysis Epidemiology
				Hemodialysis Prescription
				Vascular Access
				Blood-Borne Virus Infections
				Home Hemodialysis
				Pediatric Hemodialysis
				Costs
			Peritoneal Dialysis
				Background
				Incidence and Prevalence
				PD in Congestive Heart Failure
				Decreasing Rates of Peritonitis
				PD Solutions
				Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)
				New Technologies: Telemedicine and Connectivity
				Cost
			Renal Transplantation
				Spanish Legislation Favors Renal Transplantation
				Creation of the National Transplant Organization (ONT)
				Healthcare Infrastructure
				Optimization of Deceased Donor Donation
					Old Donors for Old Recipients
					Non-Heart-Beating Donors
				Living Donor Transplantation
				General Results of Kidney Transplantation in Spain
		Nephrology Practice in Spain
		Highlight of Nephrology in Spain
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Spain
		Conclusion
		References
	48: Nephrology in Sweden
		Introduction
		A Brief History of Nephrology in Sweden
		Renal Diseases in Sweden
			Acute Kidney Injury
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Sweden
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Sweden
		Highlights of Nephrology in Sweden
			Dialysis Access in the Swedish Renal Registry: A Unique Combination of Practical Clinical Use and a National Quality Parameter Follow-Up
			Nils Alwall
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Sweden
		Conclusion
		References
	49: Nephrology in Switzerland
		Introduction
		The Swiss Society of Nephrology
		Brief History of Nephrology in Switzerland
		Renal Diseases in Switzerland
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Switzerland
			Hemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Dialysis in the Pediatric Population
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Switzerland
		Highlights of Nephrology in Switzerland
			The Swiss Transplantation Cohort
			National Centre of Competence in Research
			The Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort (SKSC)
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Switzerland
		Conclusion
		References
	50: Nephrology in Ukraine
		Introduction
			Brief History of Nephrology in Ukraine
			Renal Diseases in Ukraine
				Chronic Kidney Disease
		Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
			Renal Replacement Therapy in Ukraine
				Hemodialysis
				Peritoneal Dialysis
				Renal Transplantation
			Renal Disease in the Pediatric Population
				Renal Diseases
				Renal Replacement Therapy
				Hemodialysis
				Peritoneal Dialysis
				Kidney Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Ukraine
			Highlights of Nephrology in Ukraine
				The Chernobyl Tragedy
				The Restart of Nephrology in Ukraine
				World Kidney Day in Ukraine
			Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Ukraine
		Conclusion
		References
	51: Nephrology in the United Kingdom
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in the United Kingdom
		Renal Diseases in the United Kingdom
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Acute Kidney Injury
		Renal Replacement Therapy in the United Kingdom
			Haemodialysis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Kidney Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in the United Kingdom
			Adult Care
			Paediatric Care
			Training
			Nephrology Working Practice
		Highlights of Nephrology in the United Kingdom
			Acute Kidney Injury
			UK Kidney Research Consortium and the NIHR Clinical Research Network
			Green Nephrology
			PatientView
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in United Kingdom
			Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT)
			The Kidney Quality Improvement Partnership (KQuIP)
		Conclusion
		References
Part V: Oceania
	52: Nephrology in Australia
		Introduction
		Brief History of Nephrology in Australia
		Renal Diseases in Australia
			Acute Kidney Injury
			Chronic Kidney Disease
			Inherited and Genetic Kidney Diseases
			Indigenous Kidney Health
		Renal Replacement Therapy in Australia
			Haemodialysis and Haemodiafiltration
				Evolution and Epidemiology of Haemodialysis in Australia
				Haemodialysis in Practice
				Haemodialysis Outcomes
			Haemodialysis at Home
				History and Epidemiology
				Selection of Patients and Training
				Equipment and Access
				Outcome
				Barriers to Home HD
			Peritoneal Dialysis
				Epidemiology
				Practice
				Outcomes
				Quality Improvement Initiative
			Dialysis Reimbursement
			Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in Australia
		Highlights of Nephrology in Australia
			Green Nephrology
			The Big Red Kidney Bus: An Australian Dialysis Holiday
			The Keeping Kidneys Programme: A General Practitioner with Special Interest Model of Care for Community Kidney Health
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in Australia
		References
	53: Nephrology in New Zealand
		Introduction
		History of Dialysis
		History of Transplantation
		Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
		Renal Replacement Therapy
		Acute Kidney Injury and Critical Care Nephrology
		Paediatric Nephrology
		Renal Transplantation
		Nephrology Practice in New Zealand
			Medical and Nephrology Education
			Dialysis and Allied Health Staff
			Nephrology Research
			Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology (ANZSN)
			Ministry of Health and Regulatory Standards
		Future Perspectives of Nephrology in New Zealand
		Conclusion
		References
Index