Neotropical savannas and dry forests : diversity, biogeography, and conservation

Neotropical Savannas And Seasonally Dry Forests: Plant Diversity, Biogeography, And Conservation......Page 1
The Systematics Association Special Volume Series......Page 2
Preface......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Table Of Contents......Page 11
Systematics Association Special Volumes......Page 14
CONTENTS......Page 18
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 19
1.2.1 SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 20
1.2.2 SAVANNAS......Page 23
1.3.1 FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF NEOTROPICAL SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 25
1.3.2 SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND ENDEMISM IN NEOTROPICAL SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 27
1.3.3 FLORISTIC COMPOSITION, SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND ENDEMISM IN NEOTROPICAL SAVANNAS......Page 28
1.4 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL SAVANNAS AND SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 29
1.4.3.1 Dated Phylogenies......Page 30
1.4.4.1 Deep History......Page 31
1.4.4.2 Inter-Continental Biogeographical Links......Page 32
1.4.4.3 Quaternary History......Page 33
1.4.4.4 Molecular Biogeographical Evidence: i Dated Phylogenies......Page 34
1.4.5.1 Deep History......Page 36
1.4.5.3 Quaternary History......Page 37
1.4.5.5 Molecular Biogeographical Evidence: ii Population Genetics......Page 38
1.5.1 SAVANNAS......Page 39
1.5.2 SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS: CONSERVING FRAGMENTS OF FRAGMENTS......Page 40
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
ABSTRACT......Page 47
2.2 CERRADO ? ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSIOGNOMY......Page 48
2.3 OVERALL DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE CERRADO BIOME......Page 50
2.3.1 D IVERSITY OF THE L ARGER W OODY S PECIES OF THE C ERRADO S ENSU L ATO......Page 51
2.3.1.1 Most Important Families and Genera......Page 52
2.3.2 A LPHA D IVERSITY OF C ERRADO W OODY V EGETATION......Page 53
2.3.2.1 Comparative Frequency of Woody Species of Cerrado Sensu Lato......Page 54
2.3.3 ORIGIN OF THE PRESENT WOODY CERRADO VEGETATION......Page 56
2.3.3.1 Nature and Numbers of Endemic and Non-Endemic Accessory Species......Page 58
2.3.3.2 Origin of Non-Endemic Accessory Species......Page 60
2.4 PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF THE CERRADO BIOME......Page 61
2.5 BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS, CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY......Page 66
2.6 DESTRUCTION OF THE CERRADO AND THE CONSERVATION SITUATION......Page 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 70
APPENDIX 1......Page 73
APPENDIX 2......Page 75
APPENDIX 3......Page 82
3.1 GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, AND LATE QUATERNARY HISTORY......Page 83
3.2 THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 84
3.3 FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 85
3.4 FACTORS DETERMINING VEGETATION STRUCTURE PHYSIOGNOMY AND FLORISTIC COMPOSITION......Page 88
3.6 THE PHYSIOGNOMIES OF THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 89
3.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 90
3.8 DEFORESTATION AND CONSERVATION......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 92
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 94
4.2.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES......Page 96
4.3.1 SPECIES RICHNESS AND ALPHA-DIVERSITY......Page 98
4.3.2 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 101
4.3.3 BETA-DIVERSITY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 107
ABSTRACT......Page 110
5.2.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY......Page 111
5.2.3 CLIMATE......Page 113
5.2.4 FLOODING......Page 117
5.2.5 SOILS......Page 118
5.3.1 HISTORY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION......Page 119
5.3.2 FLORA OF THE VENEZUELAN LLANOS......Page 122
5.3.3.1 Major Vegetation Types......Page 124
5.3.3.2 Forests......Page 126
5.3.3.3 Savannas......Page 127
5.3.3.4 Shrublands and Matorrales......Page 129
5.4 CONSERVATION AND OUTLOOK......Page 130
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
ABSTRACT......Page 136
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 137
6.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS......Page 138
6.3.1 ANALYSIS OF FLORISTIC SIMILARITY......Page 145
6.3.2.2 Species of the Caatinga Extending to the Atlantic Rain Forest or to the Cerrado......Page 147
6.3.2.3 Taxa Disjunct among the SDTF Nuclei......Page 148
6.3.2.5.3 Species Endemic to the Southern Sertaneja Depression Figure 6.5......Page 149
6.3.2.5.4 Species Endemic to the Dunes of the São Francisco River Figure 6.6......Page 151
6.3.2.5.5 Species Endemic to the Raso da Catarina Figure 6.6......Page 152
6.3.2.5.6 Species Endemic to the Ibiapaba and Araripe Plateaux Figure 6.6......Page 153
6.3.2.5.8 Species Endemic to Seasonally Flooded Depressions Figure 6.7......Page 154
6.3.2.5.9 Species with a Disjunct Distribution......Page 155
6.4.1 DIVERSITY OF THE LEGUMINOSAE AND LINKS WITH OTHER FLORAS......Page 156
6.4.2 CENTRES OF ENDEMISM......Page 158
6.4.3 THE MAIN PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL UNITS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORY OF THE CAATINGA......Page 160
6.4.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION......Page 164
6.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
ABSTRACT......Page 173
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 174
7.2.1 PREPARATION AND REVISION OF THE DATABASES......Page 176
7.2.2 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION......Page 179
7.2.3 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES......Page 180
7.2.4 CONDENSED FLORISTIC DATA......Page 181
7.3.1 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES......Page 182
7.3.2 ANALYSES OF CONDENSED FLORISTIC INFORMATION......Page 185
7.4 DISCUSSION......Page 192
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 199
APPENDIX: MOST FREQUENT SPECIES "攀㜀　─ 伀䘀 䌀䠀䔀䌀䬀䰀䤀匀吀匀 IN
THE TREE FLORA OF SELECTED SDTF FORMATIONS OF
EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA......Page 201
ABSTRACT......Page 207
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 208
8.2.1 METHOD......Page 209
8.2.2 RESULTS......Page 212
8.2.2.2 Paranean Flora......Page 214
8.3.1 RESULTS......Page 215
8.4 FLORISTIC HISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA IN GENERAL, AND THE ECOTONAL STATUS OF THE PARAGUAY-PARANÁ BASIN IN PARTICULAR......Page 216
8.4.2.1 Methods and Results......Page 217
8.4.2.2 Discussion......Page 218
8.4.3.2 Discussion......Page 220
CONCLUSION......Page 221
REFERENCES......Page 223
ABSTRACT......Page 226
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 227
9.2 METHODS......Page 229
9.3 RESULTS......Page 231
9.4.1 BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ENDEMISM......Page 238
9.4.2 ALPHA AND BETA DIVERSITY......Page 241
9.4.4 CONSERVATION......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
ABSTRACT......Page 247
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 248
10.2.1 THE YUNGAS OF L A PAZ......Page 249
10.2.3 THE RIO PILCOMAYO VALLEY SYSTEM......Page 250
10.3 FLORISTIC AFFINITIES AND ENDEMISM BY FAMILY......Page 251
10.3.1 LABIATAE......Page 252
10.3.2 ASCLEPIADACEAE......Page 253
10.3.3 ACANTHACEAE......Page 257
10.4.2 LINKS AROUND THE PLEISTOCENIC ARC......Page 260
10.4.3 AMPHITROPICAL DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 262
10.5.1 ENDEMISM IN ISOLATED VALLEYS......Page 263
10.5.3 ENDEMICS OF THE RÍO GRANDE BASIN......Page 264
10.6.2 FLORISTIC AFFINITIES......Page 265
10.6.3 CONSERVATION PRIORITIES......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
ABSTRACT......Page 269
11.2.2 DISTRIBUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 270
11.3.1 CLIMATE AND SOILS......Page 272
11.3.2 PERUVIAN FORESTS......Page 274
11.3.2.1 The Equatorial Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests......Page 276
11.3.2.2 The Inter-Andean Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests......Page 280
11.3.2.3 The Eastern Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests......Page 281
11.4 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF PERUVIAN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 282
11.4.1 BIOGEOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PERUVIAN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 283
11.4.2 BIOGEOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PERUVIAN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 285
11.4.3 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS IN PERU......Page 286
11.5 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES......Page 287
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 288
REFERENCES......Page 289
CONTENTS......Page 292
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 293
12.1.1 AFFINITIES OF SOUTHERN ECUADOREAN SEASONALLY DR T ROPICAL FORESTS : A GLOBAL LEGUME SUCCULENT BIOME......Page 294
12.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS OF SOUTHERN ECUADOR......Page 300
12.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 303
12.3.1.2 Less Narrowly Restricted Ecuadorean SDTF Woody Legume Endemics......Page 304
12.3.1.3 Tumbesian Endemics: SDTF Woody Legume Taxa Restricted to Southern Ecuador and Northern Peru Here Combining Coastal and Inter-Andean SDTF......Page 305
12.3.2.2 An Ecuador-Peru-Colombia SDTF Distribution Pattern......Page 308
12.3.2.3 An Ecuador-Peru-Colombia-Venezuela SDTF Pattern......Page 310
12.3.2.5 A Circum-Amazonian Disjunct SDTF Pattern......Page 311
12.3.2.6 A Disjunct Neotropical SDTF Pattern that Includes South and Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean......Page 315
12.4.1 DISCUSSION: HOW ARE SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST WOODY LEGUME DISTRIBUTIONS BEST EXPLAINED?......Page 317
12.5 CONSERVATION......Page 320
12.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 322
CONTENTS......Page 326
13.2 SUBTYPES WITHIN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST......Page 327
13.3 DISTRIBUTION OF SDTF IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA......Page 328
13.3.1.2 Yucatán Peninsula......Page 329
13.3.2.3 Central Pacific Slope......Page 330
13.3.4 CENTRAL AMERICA......Page 332
13.4.1.1 Mexico-Wide Studies......Page 333
13.4.3 CENTRAL AMERICAN STUDIES......Page 335
13.5 COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF THE CHAMELA FLORA......Page 336
13.5.1.1 Families......Page 337
13.5.2.1 Trees 229 Species......Page 338
13.5.2.4 Epiphytes 40 Species......Page 339
13.6.1 PACIFIC SLOPE......Page 340
13.6.1.2 Jalisco Only......Page 343
13.6.1.3 Central Coast Jalisco-Oaxaca......Page 344
13.6.1.6 Conclusions on the Endemic Element of the Pacific Slope......Page 346
13.6.3.1 Distribution and Life Forms......Page 347
13.6.5 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CONCLUSIONS......Page 348
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 350
ABSTRACT......Page 354
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 355
14.2 BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 356
14.3.2 SDTF CONSERVATION IN OAXACA, MEXICO......Page 358
14.3.2.1 Huatulco National Park......Page 359
14.3.2.2 Community Protected Areas in Huatulco......Page 360
14.3.3.1 The Biological Importance of Chacocente......Page 361
14.3.3.3 Current Management of the Reserve......Page 362
14.4 DISCUSSION......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 366
ABSTRACT......Page 369
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 370
15.2 THE ENVIRONMENT OF ANTILLEAN DRY FORESTS......Page 371
15.3 FLORISTICS......Page 372
15.4 RESILIENCE OF ANTILLEAN DRY FORESTS......Page 374
15.5.1 COMMUNITY ATTRIBUTES......Page 376
15.5.2.2 Phenology......Page 377
15.5.2.3 Nutrients......Page 380
15.5.2.4 Limestone Substrates......Page 381
15.6 VEGETATION ON CALCIUM CARBONATE-RICH SUBSTRATES......Page 382
15.7 THE DISTRIBUTION, AREA AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF CARIBBEAN DRY FORESTS......Page 383
15.8 FUTURE FORESTS: ALIEN AND ENDEMIC SPECIES COEXISTING?......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 387
16.1 TROPICAL DRY FORESTS OF SOUTH FLORIDA......Page 392
16.2 HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 393
16.3 OBJECTIVES AND METHODS......Page 394
16.4 SPECIES RICHNESS......Page 395
16.5 FLORISTIC COMPOSITION......Page 396
16.6 NATURAL HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS......Page 397
16.7 FOREST STRUCTURE......Page 398
16.8.1 CONSERVATION STATUS OF SPECIES......Page 399
16.8.2 CONSERVATION STATUS OF FRAGMENTS......Page 401
REFERENCES......Page 402
ABSTRACT......Page 404
17.2 DRY FOREST REFUGIA HYPOTHESIS......Page 405
17.3.1 SDTF POLLEN SIGNAL......Page 408
17.3.2.1 Laguna Chaplin......Page 409
17.3.3 THE CAATINGA OF NORTH -EASTERN BRAZIL......Page 411
17.3.3.1 Fossil Pollen Data......Page 412
17.3.4 THE SDTF OF SOUTH-EASTERN BRAZIL......Page 414
17.3.5.1 The Cauca Valley......Page 415
17.4 LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION HISTORY OF THE AMAZON RAIN FOREST......Page 418
17.5.2 THE CAATINGA OF NORTH-EASTERN BRAZIL......Page 420
17.5.4 THE SDTF OF THE COLOMBIAN ANDES......Page 421
17.6.2 MIGRATION/LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL?......Page 422
17.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 424
ABSTRACT......Page 426
18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 427
18.2.1 SPECIES CHOICE......Page 429
18.2.2.1 Microsatellite Markers......Page 430
18.2.3.1 Population Genetics......Page 431
18.2.3.2 Coalescence Theory......Page 432
18.3.1 NUCLEAR MARKERS: MICROSATELLITES FOR THE TWO SPECIES......Page 433
18.3.2 CHLOROPLAST MARKERS FOR ASTRONIUM URUNDEUVA......Page 434
18.4.1 WHAT HISTORY FOR THE TWO SPECIES?......Page 435
18.4.2 INFERENCES RELATING TO ECOSYSTEM HISTORY......Page 436
REFERENCES......Page 437
ABSTRACT......Page 442
19.2 METHODS......Page 443
19.2.2 MEASURE OF GEOGRAPHICAL PHYLOGENETIC STRUCTURE......Page 444
19.3 RESULTS......Page 446
19.4 DISCUSSION......Page 451
19.5 CONCLUSION......Page 454
REFERENCES......Page 455
CONTENTS......Page 457
20.2.1 SEASONALLY DRY VEGETATION......Page 458
20.2.3 SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 459
20.3.1 BASIC GEOGRAPHY......Page 461
20.3.3 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND HISTORY......Page 462
20.3.5 DOMESTIC ANIMALS......Page 463
20.4.1 SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 464
20.4.2 WOODLAND......Page 466
20.4.3 BUSHLAND AND THICKET......Page 468
20.4.3.3 Caatinga......Page 469
20.4.4.2 Seasonally Inundated Grasslands......Page 470
20.4.5.1 Campo de Murundus......Page 471
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 472
REFERENCES......Page 473
COLOUR FIGURE 1.1......Page 476
COLOUR FIGURE 5.2......Page 477
COLOUR FIGURE 5.6......Page 478
COLOUR FIGURE 7.1......Page 479
COLOUR FIGURE 12.1......Page 480
COLOUR FIGURE 12.8......Page 481
COLOUR FIGURE 15.3......Page 482
COLOUR FIGURE 19.5......Page 483