Neonatal Cerebral Investigation

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Glossary and abbreviations......Page 11
Ultrasound waves: basic principles......Page 15
Echo location......Page 16
Time-gain compensation......Page 17
Doppler ultrasound......Page 18
Aliasing......Page 19
Color flow Doppler......Page 20
Safety of ultrasound......Page 21
References......Page 22
Technology of EEG recording......Page 23
Recording the neonatal EEG......Page 24
Measurement of respiration......Page 25
Neonatal EEG acquisition......Page 26
Artifacts......Page 28
EEG frequencies......Page 30
The CFM and amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG)......Page 31
References......Page 35
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 36
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy......Page 39
Signal generation and detection......Page 40
The spin echo......Page 41
Gradient and ‘‘shim’’ coils......Page 42
MRI probeheads (coils)......Page 43
MRI pulse sequences and spatial encoding......Page 44
Proton density (PD)......Page 45
Quantitative MRI......Page 46
DWI and diffusion tensor imaging......Page 47
T2 relaxometry......Page 48
Cerebral metabolites detectable by 31P MRS......Page 49
Homonuclear and heteronuclear coupling......Page 50
Water suppression......Page 51
The information obtainable......Page 52
Geometric distortions......Page 53
Partial volume effects......Page 54
Static magnetic field......Page 55
Contrast agents......Page 56
References......Page 57
Coronal section 1: frontal lobes (Fig. 4.4a–e)......Page 59
Coronal section 2: anterior frontal horns of the lateral ventricles (Fig. 4.5a–e)......Page 60
Midline sagittal (7) (Fig. 4.12a–e)......Page 63
Cavum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae......Page 65
Cerebrospinal fluid spaces......Page 75
Normal neonatal neurological examination......Page 76
References......Page 79
Introduction......Page 80
26 weeks (Fig. 5.4a–i)......Page 82
Myelination......Page 85
Normative ultrasound data for subarachnoid spaces......Page 88
References......Page 96
Synchrony and symmetry......Page 97
The EEG of the full-term newborn baby......Page 98
Sleep wake cycling......Page 99
Sleep–wake states in the preterm baby......Page 100
Anticonvulsants and the neonatal EEG......Page 101
The effects of other drugs on the neonatal EEG......Page 103
References......Page 104
Incidence and epidemiology......Page 106
The baby in whom there is a history of possible seizure......Page 107
General points about the EEG confirmation of neonatal seizure......Page 108
aEEG monitoring in neonatal seizures......Page 111
Diagnosis, etiology, and prevalence......Page 114
The EEG in neonatal stroke......Page 119
Imaging diagnosis of neonatal stroke......Page 120
Treatment and prognosis of neonatal stroke......Page 121
Subgaleal (subaponeurotic) hemorrhage......Page 125
Etiology and prevalence......Page 126
Subdural hemorrhage......Page 128
Intraventricular hemorrhage in the term baby......Page 130
Lobar hemorrhage......Page 132
Meningitis......Page 133
Pyridoxine dependency......Page 134
Cerebral malformations......Page 135
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE, Ohtahara syndrome)......Page 136
Treatment of neonatal seizure......Page 137
References......Page 138
Labor and delivery......Page 144
Examination......Page 145
Laboratory tests......Page 146
Cranial ultrasound......Page 147
Terminology and prevalence......Page 148
Physiology of hypoxic ischemia in the term newborn brain......Page 149
Neuropathology of hypoxic ischemia......Page 151
EEG in neonatal encephalopathy......Page 152
Amplitude integrated (aEEG) in neonatal encephalopathy......Page 154
Cranial ultrasound in neonatal encephalopathy......Page 156
Conventional MRI in neonatal encephalopathy......Page 161
Quantitative MR techniques in NE......Page 171
Treatment of neonatal encephalopathy......Page 176
Prognosis of NE......Page 178
References......Page 180
Investigative screening methods......Page 187
When?......Page 188
MRI screening......Page 189
EEG screening......Page 190
Terminology and classification......Page 191
Incidence and timing......Page 193
Ultrasound and MRI appearances of GMH-IVH......Page 194
Prognosis after imaging showing uncomplicated GMH-IVH in the neonatal period......Page 195
Hemorrhagic parenchymal infarction and porencephalic cyst......Page 196
Etiology......Page 197
Ultrasound and MRI appearances......Page 198
Cystic periventricular leukomalacia and diffuse periventricular white matter injury......Page 199
Etiology......Page 202
Natural history of periventricular white matter injury......Page 205
Ultrasound and MRI appearances......Page 206
Prognosis after imaging showing flare, cystic PVL and diffuse PWMI......Page 213
Terminology and classification......Page 214
References......Page 215
Introduction......Page 224
Neonatal brain imaging following fetal cocaine exposure......Page 225
Neuropathology......Page 226
Counseling and prognosis......Page 227
Pathophysiology......Page 229
Clinical presentation......Page 230
Determinants of neuronal injury......Page 231
Neuropathology......Page 232
Counseling and prognosis......Page 233
Incidence and terminology......Page 234
Cranial ultrasound......Page 236
Brain imaging in SWS......Page 237
Incidence and clinical implications......Page 238
Incidence and clinical implications......Page 240
Imaging......Page 241
Counseling and prognosis......Page 242
References......Page 244
Definition and incidence......Page 249
Causes and associations (concomitant brain anomalies)......Page 250
Prognosis/Counseling......Page 251
Investigation of babies with ventricular dilatation......Page 253
Ultrasound assessment of ventricular size......Page 254
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 256
Non-surgical intervention......Page 257
References......Page 258
Disorders of prosencephalic development......Page 262
Clinical manifestation......Page 263
Counseling and prognosis......Page 264
Abnormalities in the posterior fossa......Page 265
Dandy Walker malformation......Page 266
Agenesis and hypoplasia of the cerebellum, including Joubert’s syndrome......Page 268
Mega cisterna magna, Blake’s pouch cyst......Page 269
Cephalocele......Page 271
Imaging......Page 272
Counseling and prognosis......Page 273
Polymicrogyria......Page 274
Counseling and prognosis......Page 276
Imaging......Page 277
Clinical manifestation......Page 278
References......Page 279
Labor and delivery......Page 283
Lumbar puncture......Page 284
Prognosis and counseling......Page 285
Toxoplasmosis......Page 286
Prognosis/Counseling......Page 287
Bacterial meningitis and ventriculitis......Page 288
Fungal meningitis......Page 290
Prognosis......Page 291
References......Page 292
Postmortem MRI of fetal and neonatal brain......Page 295
References......Page 296
Index......Page 298