Nematode Diseases of Crops and their Management

Preface
About the Book
Contents
About the Author
Part I: Introduction
	1: Nematode Diseases of Crop Plants: An Overview
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Historical Importance
			1.2.1 International Scenario
			1.2.2 Indian Scenario
		1.3 Economic Importance
			1.3.1 International Scenario
			1.3.2 Indian Scenario
		1.4 Emerging Nematode Problems
			1.4.1 Root-Knot and Foliar Nematodes on Rice
			1.4.2 Root-Knot Nematode on Groundnut
			1.4.3 Root-Knot Nematode on Acid Lime
			1.4.4 Root-Knot Nematode on Pomegranate
			1.4.5 Root-Knot Nematode on Guava
			1.4.6 Root-Knot Nematode on Mulberry
			1.4.7 Cyst Nematodes on Potato
			1.4.8 Floral Malady on Tuberose
			1.4.9 Nematode Problems on Polyhouse Crops
		1.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
			1.5.1 Fungi
			1.5.2 Bacteria
			1.5.3 Viruses
		1.6 Nematode Management
			1.6.1 Regulatory Methods
				1.6.1.1 Plant Quarantine
				1.6.1.2 Seed Certification
			1.6.2 Physical Methods
				1.6.2.1 Hot Water Treatment of Planting Material
				1.6.2.2 Solarization
			1.6.3 Cultural Methods
				1.6.3.1 Crop Rotation
				1.6.3.2 Trap Cropping
				1.6.3.3 Cover Crops
			1.6.4 Chemical Methods
				1.6.4.1 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
				1.6.4.2 Organophosphates
				1.6.4.3 Dithiocarbamates
			1.6.5 Host Resistance
			1.6.6 Biological Methods
				1.6.6.1 Bacteria
				1.6.6.2 Fungi
			1.6.7 Integrated Nematode Management
			1.6.8 Biointensive Integrated Nematode Management
				1.6.8.1 Proactive Options
				1.6.8.2 Reactive Options
		1.7 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Cereal Crops
	2: Cereal Crops
		2.1 Rice, Oryza sativa
			2.1.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola
				2.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				2.1.1.2 Distribution
				2.1.1.3 Symptoms
				2.1.1.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				2.1.1.5 Survival and Spread
				2.1.1.6 Management
					2.1.1.6.1 Physical Methods
					2.1.1.6.2 Cultural Methods
						Crop Rotation
						Fallowing
						Flooding
						Organic Amendments
					2.1.1.6.3 Chemical Methods
					2.1.1.6.4 Biological Methods
					2.1.1.6.5 Host Resistance
					2.1.1.6.6 Integrated Methods
						Nursery Bed Treatment
						Main Field Treatment
			2.1.2 White Tip Nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi
				2.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				2.1.2.2 Symptoms
				2.1.2.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				2.1.2.4 Host Range
				2.1.2.5 Survival and Spread
				2.1.2.6 Management
					2.1.2.6.1 Regulatory Methods
					2.1.2.6.2 Physical Methods
					2.1.2.6.3 Cultural Methods
					2.1.2.6.4 Chemical Methods
					2.1.2.6.5 Host Resistance
			2.1.3 Rice Stem Nematode, Ditylenchus angustus
				2.1.3.1 Symptoms
				2.1.3.2 Life Cycle
				2.1.3.3 Host Range
				2.1.3.4 Survival and Spread
				2.1.3.5 Management
					2.1.3.5.1 Cultural Methods
					2.1.3.5.2 Chemical Methods
					2.1.3.5.3 Host Resistance
					2.1.3.5.4 Integrated Methods
			2.1.4 Rice Root Nematodes, Hirschmanniella spp.
				2.1.4.1 Distribution
				2.1.4.2 Crop Losses
				2.1.4.3 Symptoms
				2.1.4.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				2.1.4.5 Dissemination
				2.1.4.6 Management
					2.1.4.6.1 Physical Methods
					2.1.4.6.2 Cultural Methods
					2.1.4.6.3 Chemical Methods
					2.1.4.6.4 Host Resistance
					2.1.4.6.5 Integrated Methods
			2.1.5 Cyst Nematode, Heterodera oryzicola
				2.1.5.1 Distribution
				2.1.5.2 Yield Losses
				2.1.5.3 Symptoms
				2.1.5.4 Life Cycle
				2.1.5.5 Host Range
				2.1.5.6 Interaction with Other Organisms
				2.1.5.7 Management
					2.1.5.7.1 Cultural Methods
					2.1.5.7.2 Chemical Methods
					2.1.5.7.3 Host Resistance
		2.2 Wheat, Triticum spp. and Barley, Hordeum vulgare
			2.2.1 Cereal Cyst Nematode, Heterodera avenae
				2.2.1.1 Distribution
				2.2.1.2 Symptoms
				2.2.1.3 Life Cycle
				2.2.1.4 Host Range
				2.2.1.5 Ecology
				2.2.1.6 Survival and Spread
				2.2.1.7 Biotypes
				2.2.1.8 Management
					2.2.1.8.1 Cultural Methods
						Early Sowing
						Crop Rotation
						Intercropping
					2.2.1.8.2 Chemical Methods
					2.2.1.8.3 Biological Methods
					2.2.1.8.4 Host Resistance
					2.2.1.8.5 Integrated Methods
			2.2.2 Seed Gall Nematode, Anguina tritici
				2.2.2.1 Crop Losses
				2.2.2.2 Symptoms
				2.2.2.3 Life Cycle
				2.2.2.4 Host Range
				2.2.2.5 Survival and Spread
				2.2.2.6 Management
					2.2.2.6.1 Regulatory Methods
						Dry Cleaning of Seeds or Brine Flotation
						Seed Certification
					2.2.2.6.2 Physical Methods
					2.2.2.6.3 Cultural Methods
						Crop Rotation
						Rogueing
					2.2.2.6.4 Host Resistance
		2.3 Maize, Zea mays
			2.3.1 Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae
				2.3.1.1 Distribution
				2.3.1.2 Crop Losses
				2.3.1.3 Symptoms
				2.3.1.4 Host Range
				2.3.1.5 Biology and Life Cycle
				2.3.1.6 Survival and Spread
				2.3.1.7 Management
			2.3.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				2.3.2.1 Symptoms
				2.3.2.2 Management
			2.3.3 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus zeae
				2.3.3.1 Symptoms
				2.3.3.2 Management
		2.4 Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor
			2.4.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				2.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				2.4.1.2 Symptoms
				2.4.1.3 Management
			2.4.2 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus neglectus
				2.4.2.1 Symptoms
				2.4.2.2 Management
			2.4.3 Cyst Nematode, Heterodera sorghi
				2.4.3.1 Symptoms
				2.4.3.2 Life Cycle
				2.4.3.3 Survival
				2.4.3.4 Management
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Pulse and Oil Seed Crops
	3: Pulse Crops
		3.1 Chickpea, Cicer arietinum
			3.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				3.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				3.1.1.2 Symptoms
				3.1.1.3 Life Cycle
				3.1.1.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				3.1.1.5 Management
					3.1.1.5.1 Cultural Methods
					3.1.1.5.2 Chemical Methods
					3.1.1.5.3 Biological Methods
					3.1.1.5.4 Host Resistance
					3.1.1.5.5 Integrated Methods
			3.1.2 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus thornei
				3.1.2.1 Distribution
				3.1.2.2 Crop Losses
				3.1.2.3 Symptoms
				3.1.2.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				3.1.2.5 Host Range
				3.1.2.6 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				3.1.2.7 Survival and Spread
				3.1.2.8 Management
					3.1.2.8.1 Cultural Methods
					3.1.2.8.2 Chemical Methods
					3.1.2.8.3 Biological Methods
					3.1.2.8.4 Host Resistance
					3.1.2.8.5 Integrated Methods
			3.1.3 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				3.1.3.1 Crop Losses
				3.1.3.2 Symptoms
				3.1.3.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				3.1.3.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				3.1.3.5 Management
					3.1.3.5.1 Physical Methods
					3.1.3.5.2 Cultural Methods
					3.1.3.5.3 Biological Methods
					3.1.3.5.4 Chemical Methods
					3.1.3.5.5 Integrated Methods
		3.2 Pigeon Pea, Cajanus cajan
			3.2.1 Cyst Nematode, Heterodera cajani
				3.2.1.1 Distribution
				3.2.1.2 Crop Losses
				3.2.1.3 Symptoms
				3.2.1.4 Host Range
				3.2.1.5 Life Cycle
				3.2.1.6 Spread and Survival
				3.2.1.7 Biotypes
				3.2.1.8 Interaction with Other Microorganisms
				3.2.1.9 Management
					3.2.1.9.1 Cultural Methods
					3.2.1.9.2 Chemical Methods
					3.2.1.9.3 Biological Methods
					3.2.1.9.4 Host Resistance
					3.2.1.9.5 Integrated Methods
				3.2.1.10 Success Story
			3.2.2 Interaction of Cyst Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				3.2.2.1 Symptoms
				3.2.2.2 Management
					3.2.2.2.1 Chemical Methods
					3.2.2.2.2 Biological Methods
					3.2.2.2.3 Integrated Methods
			3.2.3 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				3.2.3.1 Crop Losses
				3.2.3.2 Symptoms
				3.2.3.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				3.2.3.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				3.2.3.5 Management
					3.2.3.5.1 Cultural Methods
					3.2.3.5.2 Chemical Methods
					3.2.3.5.3 Biological Methods
					3.2.3.5.4 Host Resistance
					3.2.3.5.5 Integrated Methods
			3.2.4 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				3.2.4.1 Symptoms
				3.2.4.2 Management
					3.2.4.2.1 Biological Methods
					3.2.4.2.2 Host Resistance
					3.2.4.2.3 Integrated Methods
			3.2.5 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				3.2.5.1 Crop Losses
				3.2.5.2 Symptoms
				3.2.5.3 Survival
				3.2.5.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				3.2.5.5 Management
					3.2.5.5.1 Cultural Methods
					3.2.5.5.2 Biological Methods
					3.2.5.5.3 Host Resistance
					3.2.5.5.4 Integrated Methods
		3.3 Green Gram, Vigna radiata
			3.3.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				3.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				3.3.1.2 Symptoms
				3.3.1.3 Management
					3.3.1.3.1 Cultural Methods
					3.3.1.3.2 Chemical Methods
					3.3.1.3.3 Biological Methods
					3.3.1.3.4 Host Resistance
					3.3.1.3.5 Integrated Methods
			3.3.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				3.3.2.1 Interaction
				3.3.2.2 Management
			3.3.3 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				3.3.3.1 Crop Losses
				3.3.3.2 Management
					3.3.3.2.1 Host Resistance
					3.3.3.2.2 Integrated Methods
		3.4 Black Gram, Vigna mungo
			3.4.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				3.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				3.4.1.2 Symptoms
				3.4.1.3 Management
					3.4.1.3.1 Cultural Methods
					3.4.1.3.2 Chemical Methods
					3.4.1.3.3 Biological Methods
					3.4.1.3.4 Host Resistance
					3.4.1.3.5 Integrated Methods
			3.4.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				3.4.2.1 Life Cycle
				3.4.2.2 Management
					3.4.2.2.1 Chemical Methods
					3.4.2.2.2 Host Resistance
		3.5 Conclusion
		References
	4: Oilseed Crops
		4.1 Groundnut, Arachis hypogea
			4.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica
				4.1.1.1 Distribution
				4.1.1.2 Crop Losses
				4.1.1.3 Symptoms
				4.1.1.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				4.1.1.5 Interaction with Other Microorganisms
				4.1.1.6 Dissemination
				4.1.1.7 Management
					4.1.1.7.1 Cultural Methods
						Crop Rotation
						Cover Crops
						Organic Amendments
						Early Maturing Varieties
					4.1.1.7.2 Chemical Methods
					4.1.1.7.3 Biological Methods
					4.1.1.7.4 Host Resistance
					4.1.1.7.5 Integrated Methods
			4.1.2 Stunt Nematode, Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus
				4.1.2.1 Distribution
				4.1.2.2 Crop Losses
				4.1.2.3 Symptoms
				4.1.2.4 Host Range
				4.1.2.5 Management
					4.1.2.5.1 Cultural Methods
					4.1.2.5.2 Chemical Methods
					4.1.2.5.3 Host Resistance
		4.2 Castor, Ricinus communis
			4.2.1 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				4.2.1.1 Distribution
				4.2.1.2 Crop Losses
				4.2.1.3 Symptoms
				4.2.1.4 Life Cycle
				4.2.1.5 Ecology
				4.2.1.6 Host Range
				4.2.1.7 Survival and Spread
				4.2.1.8 Management
					4.2.1.8.1 Physical Methods
					4.2.1.8.2 Cultural Methods
					4.2.1.8.3 Chemical Methods
					4.2.1.8.4 Biological Methods
					4.2.1.8.5 Host Resistance
					4.2.1.8.6 Integrated Methods
		4.3 Soybean, Glycine max
			4.3.1 Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines
				4.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				4.3.1.2 Symptoms
				4.3.1.3 Life Cycle
				4.3.1.4 Management
					4.3.1.4.1 Cultural Methods
					4.3.1.4.2 Host Resistance
					4.3.1.4.3 Integrated Methods
			4.3.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				4.3.2.1 Crop Losses
				4.3.2.2 Symptoms
				4.3.2.3 Management
					4.3.2.3.1 Chemical Methods
					4.3.2.3.2 Host Resistance
		4.4 Sunflower, Helianthus annuus
			4.4.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				4.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				4.4.1.2 Symptoms
				4.4.1.3 Management
		4.5 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Fiber and Sugar Crops
	5: Fiber Crops
		5.1 Cotton, Gossypium spp.
			5.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				5.1.1.1 Distribution
				5.1.1.2 Crop Losses
				5.1.1.3 Symptoms
				5.1.1.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				5.1.1.5 Spread
				5.1.1.6 Management
					5.1.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
					5.1.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					5.1.1.6.3 Biological Methods
					5.1.1.6.4 Host Resistance
			5.1.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				5.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				5.1.2.2 Symptoms
				5.1.2.3 Life Cycle
				5.1.2.4 Ecology
				5.1.2.5 Host Range
				5.1.2.6 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				5.1.2.7 Spread and Survival
				5.1.2.8 Physiological Races
				5.1.2.9 Management
					5.1.2.9.1 Physical Methods
					5.1.2.9.2 Cultural Methods
					5.1.2.9.3 Chemical Methods
					5.1.2.9.4 Biological Methods
					5.1.2.9.5 Host Resistance
					5.1.2.9.6 Integrated Methods
		5.2 Jute, Corchorus spp.
			5.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				5.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				5.2.1.2 Symptoms
				5.2.1.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				5.2.1.4 Interaction with Other Microorganisms
				5.2.1.5 Spread
				5.2.1.6 Management
					5.2.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
					5.2.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					5.2.1.6.3 Integrated Methods
			5.2.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Bacterial Wilt
				5.2.2.1 Crop Losses
				5.2.2.2 Symptoms
				5.2.2.3 Management
					5.2.2.3.1 Cultural Methods
					5.2.2.3.2 Chemical Methods
					5.2.2.3.3 Integrated Methods
			5.2.3 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Root Rot
				5.2.3.1 Interaction
				5.2.3.2 Management
					5.2.3.2.1 Cultural Methods
					5.2.3.2.2 Integrated Methods
		5.3 Conclusion
		References
	6: Sugar Crops
		6.1 Sugar Beet, Beta vulgaris
			6.1.1 Cyst Nematode, Heterodera schachtii
				6.1.1.1 Symptoms
				6.1.1.2 Life Cycle
				6.1.1.3 Host Range
				6.1.1.4 Spread and Survival
				6.1.1.5 Management
					6.1.1.5.1 Cultural Methods
					6.1.1.5.2 Biological Methods
					6.1.1.5.3 Host Resistance
					6.1.1.5.4 Integrated Methods
			6.1.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				6.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				6.1.2.2 Symptoms
				6.1.2.3 Ecology
				6.1.2.4 Management
		6.2 Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
			6.2.1 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus zeae
				6.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				6.2.1.2 Symptoms
				6.2.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				6.2.1.4 Management
					6.2.1.4.1 Cultural Methods
					6.2.1.4.2 Chemical Methods
					6.2.1.4.3 Host Resistance
			6.2.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				6.2.2.1 Symptoms
				6.2.2.2 Management
			6.2.3 Lance Nematode, Hoplolaimus indicus
				6.2.3.1 Symptoms
				6.2.3.2 Management
			6.2.4 Stunt Nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi, T. nudus
				6.2.4.1 Symptoms
				6.2.4.2 Management
			6.2.5 Spiral Nematodes, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H. indicus
				6.2.5.1 Symptoms
				6.2.5.2 Management
		6.3 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Fruit Crops
	7: Tropical Fruit Crops
		7.1 Banana, Musa spp.
			7.1.1 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
				7.1.1.1 Distribution
				7.1.1.2 Crop Losses
				7.1.1.3 Symptoms
				7.1.1.4 Life Cycle
				7.1.1.5 Host Range
				7.1.1.6 Spread and Survival
				7.1.1.7 Physiological Races
				7.1.1.8 Management
					7.1.1.8.1 Regulatory Methods
					7.1.1.8.2 Physical Methods
					7.1.1.8.3 Cultural Methods
						Cover Cropping
						Fallowing
						Crop Rotation
						Intercropping
						Mulching
						Organic Amendments
					7.1.1.8.4 Chemical Methods
					7.1.1.8.5 Biological Methods
					7.1.1.8.6 Host Resistance
					7.1.1.8.7 Integrated Methods
						Cultural and Biological Methods
						Physical and Chemical Methods
						Physical, Cultural and Chemical Methods
						Physical and Biological Methods
						Cultural and Chemical Methods
						Cultural, Chemical and Biological Methods
			7.1.2 Interaction of Burrowing Nematode with Panama Wilt
				7.1.2.1 Interaction
				7.1.2.2 Management
					7.1.2.2.1 Cultural Methods
					7.1.2.2.2 Integrated Methods
			7.1.3 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae
				7.1.3.1 Crop Losses
				7.1.3.2 Symptoms
				7.1.3.3 Life Cycle
				7.1.3.4 Survival and Spread
				7.1.3.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				7.1.3.6 Management
					7.1.3.6.1 Cultural Methods
						Fallowing
						Intercropping
						Organic Amendments
					7.1.3.6.2 Biological Methods
						Antagonistic Fungi
						Antagonistic Bacteria
					7.1.3.6.3 Host Resistance
			7.1.4 Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus multicinctus
				7.1.4.1 Crop Losses
				7.1.4.2 Symptoms
				7.1.4.3 Host Range
				7.1.4.4 Life Cycle
				7.1.4.5 Spread and Survival
				7.1.4.6 Management
					7.1.4.6.1 Physical Methods
					7.1.4.6.2 Cultural Methods
						Crop Rotation
						Intercropping
						Organic Amendments
					7.1.4.6.3 Chemical Methods
					7.1.4.6.4 Biological Methods
					7.1.4.6.5 Integrated Methods
			7.1.5 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				7.1.5.1 Crop Losses
				7.1.5.2 Symptoms
				7.1.5.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				7.1.5.4 Survival and Spread
				7.1.5.5 Management
					7.1.5.5.1 Regulatory Methods
					7.1.5.5.2 Physical Methods
				7.1.5.6 Cultural Methods
					7.1.5.6.1 Chemical Methods
					7.1.5.6.2 Biological Methods
					7.1.5.6.3 Host Resistance
					7.1.5.6.4 Integrated Methods
					7.1.5.6.5 Success Story in Odisha
		7.2 Citrus, Citrus spp.
			7.2.1 Citrus Nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans
				7.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				7.2.1.2 Symptoms
				7.2.1.3 Life Cycle
				7.2.1.4 Host Range
				7.2.1.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				7.2.1.6 Ecology
				7.2.1.7 Spread and Survival
				7.2.1.8 Physiologic Races
				7.2.1.9 Management
					7.2.1.9.1 Physical Methods
					7.2.1.9.2 Cultural Methods
					7.2.1.9.3 Chemical Methods
						Nursery Bed Treatment
						Bare Root Dip Treatment
						Soil Treatment
					7.2.1.9.4 Biological Methods
					7.2.1.9.5 Host Resistance
					7.2.1.9.6 Integrated Methods
			7.2.2 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne indica
				7.2.2.1 Symptoms
				7.2.2.2 Host Range
				7.2.2.3 Management
					7.2.2.3.1 Physical Methods
					7.2.2.3.2 Cultural Methods
						Intercropping
						Crop Rotation
						Organic Amendments
					7.2.2.3.3 Biological Methods
					7.2.2.3.4 Chemical Methods
					7.2.2.3.5 Host Resistance
		7.3 Papaya, Carica papaya
			7.3.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				7.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				7.3.1.2 Symptoms
				7.3.1.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				7.3.1.4 Spread
				7.3.1.5 Management
					7.3.1.5.1 Physical Methods
					7.3.1.5.2 Cultural Methods
					7.3.1.5.3 Chemical Methods
					7.3.1.5.4 Biological Methods
					7.3.1.5.5 Host Resistance
					7.3.1.5.6 Integrated Methods
			7.3.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				7.3.2.1 Symptoms
				7.3.2.2 Management
			7.3.3 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				7.3.3.1 Distribution
				7.3.3.2 Crop Losses
				7.3.3.3 Symptoms
				7.3.3.4 Ecology
				7.3.3.5 Management
					7.3.3.5.1 Chemical Methods
					7.3.3.5.2 Host Resistance
					7.3.3.5.3 Integrated Methods
		7.4 Pineapple, Ananas comosus
			7.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				7.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				7.4.1.2 Symptoms
				7.4.1.3 Life Cycle
				7.4.1.4 Survival and Spread
				7.4.1.5 Ecology
				7.4.1.6 Management
					7.4.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
					7.4.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					7.4.1.6.3 Biological Methods
					7.4.1.6.4 Host Resistance
			7.4.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				7.4.2.1 Crop Losses
				7.4.2.2 Symptoms
				7.4.2.3 Life Cycle
				7.4.2.4 Survival and Spread
				7.4.2.5 Management
					7.4.2.5.1 Cultural Methods
					7.4.2.5.2 Chemical Methods
					7.4.2.5.3 Host Resistance
					7.4.2.5.4 Integrated Methods
		7.5 Mulberry, Morus rubra
			7.5.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				7.5.1.1 Crop Losses
				7.5.1.2 Symptoms
				7.5.1.3 Predisposing Factors
				7.5.1.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				7.5.1.5 Management
					7.5.1.5.1 Physical Methods
					7.5.1.5.2 Cultural Methods
					7.5.1.5.3 Integrated Methods
					7.5.1.5.4 Success Story in Karnataka
		7.6 Conclusion
		References
	8: Subtropical Fruit Crops
		8.1 Guava, Psidium guajava
			8.1.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii
				8.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				8.1.1.2 Symptoms
				8.1.1.3 Host Range
				8.1.1.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				8.1.1.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				8.1.1.6 Spread
				8.1.1.7 Management
					8.1.1.7.1 Physical Methods
					8.1.1.7.2 Cultural Methods
					8.1.1.7.3 Chemical Methods
					8.1.1.7.4 Biological Methods
					8.1.1.7.5 Host Resistance
					8.1.1.7.6 Integrated Methods
			8.1.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Root-Rot
				8.1.2.1 Interaction
				8.1.2.2 Symptoms
				8.1.2.3 Management
					8.1.2.3.1 Chemical Methods
					8.1.2.3.2 Biological Methods
					8.1.2.3.3 Host Resistance
					8.1.2.3.4 Integrated Methods
		8.2 Grapevine, Vitis vinifera
			8.2.1 Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita
				8.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				8.2.1.2 Symptoms
				8.2.1.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				8.2.1.4 Ecology
				8.2.1.5 Spread
				8.2.1.6 Management
					8.2.1.6.1 Physical Methods
					8.2.1.6.2 Cultural Methods
					8.2.1.6.3 Chemical Methods
					8.2.1.6.4 Biological Methods
					8.2.1.6.5 Host Resistance
					8.2.1.6.6 Integrated Methods
			8.2.2 Reniform Nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis
				8.2.2.1 Symptoms
				8.2.2.2 Management
					8.2.2.2.1 Chemical Methods
					8.2.2.2.2 Host Resistance
			8.2.3 Dagger Nematode Xiphinema index
				8.2.3.1 Symptoms
				8.2.3.2 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				8.2.3.3 Management
		8.3 Conclusion
		References
	9: Temperate Fruit Crops
		9.1 Peach, Prunus persica
			9.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				9.1.1.1 Distribution
				9.1.1.2 Symptoms
				9.1.1.3 Histopathology
				9.1.1.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				9.1.1.5 Management
					9.1.1.5.1 Physical Methods
					9.1.1.5.2 Cultural Methods
					9.1.1.5.3 Chemical Methods
					9.1.1.5.4 Biological Methods
					9.1.1.5.5 Host Resistance
			9.1.2 Ring Nematode, Mesocriconema xenoplax
				9.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				9.1.2.2 Distribution
				9.1.2.3 Symptoms
				9.1.2.4 Life Cycle
				9.1.2.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				9.1.2.6 Management
					9.1.2.6.1 Physical Methods
					9.1.2.6.2 Cultural Methods
					9.1.2.6.3 Biological Methods
					9.1.2.6.4 Host Resistance
			9.1.3 Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus vulnus and P. Penetrans
				9.1.3.1 Symptoms
				9.1.3.2 Life Cycle
				9.1.3.3 Management
					9.1.3.3.1 Physical Methods
					9.1.3.3.2 Chemical Methods
					9.1.3.3.3 Biological Methods
		9.2 Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa
			9.2.1 Bud and Leaf Nematode, Aphelenchoides fragariae
				9.2.1.1 Symptoms
				9.2.1.2 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				9.2.1.3 Favorable Conditions
				9.2.1.4 Survival and Spread
				9.2.1.5 Management
					9.2.1.5.1 Regulatory Methods
					9.2.1.5.2 Physical Methods
					9.2.1.5.3 Cultural Methods
					9.2.1.5.4 Chemical Methods
					9.2.1.5.5 Host Resistance
			9.2.2 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans
				9.2.2.1 Symptoms
				9.2.2.2 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				9.2.2.3 Management
					9.2.2.3.1 Regulatory Methods
					9.2.2.3.2 Physical Methods
					9.2.2.3.3 Cultural Methods
					9.2.2.3.4 Biological Methods
					9.2.2.3.5 Integrated Methods
			9.2.3 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				9.2.3.1 Symptoms
				9.2.3.2 Management
					9.2.3.2.1 Cultural Methods
					9.2.3.2.2 Biological Methods
					9.2.3.2.3 Host Resistance
					9.2.3.2.4 Integrated Methods
			9.2.4 Cauliflower Disease Complex
				9.2.4.1 Symptoms
				9.2.4.2 Management
		9.3 Apple, Malus domestica
			9.3.1 Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus penetrans and P. vulnus
				9.3.1.1 Symptoms
				9.3.1.2 Life Cycle
				9.3.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				9.3.1.4 Management
					9.3.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					9.3.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
					9.3.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
					9.3.1.4.4 Host Resistance
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	10: Semiarid Fruit Crops
		10.1 Pomegranate, Punica granatum
			10.1.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				10.1.1.1 Distribution
				10.1.1.2 Crop Losses
				10.1.1.3 Symptoms
				10.1.1.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				10.1.1.5 Spread
				10.1.1.6 Management
					10.1.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
					10.1.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					10.1.1.6.3 Biological Methods
					10.1.1.6.4 Integrated Methods
			10.1.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Ceratocystis Wilt
				10.1.2.1 Distribution
				10.1.2.2 Symptoms
				10.1.2.3 Interaction
				10.1.2.4 Survival and Spread
				10.1.2.5 Management
					10.1.2.5.1 Biological Methods
					10.1.2.5.2 Integrated Methods
		10.2 Fig, Ficus carica
			10.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				10.2.1.1 Distribution
				10.2.1.2 Crop Losses
				10.2.1.3 Symptoms
				10.2.1.4 Management
					10.2.1.4.1 Chemical Methods
					10.2.1.4.2 Biological Methods
					10.2.1.4.3 Host Resistance
					10.2.1.4.4 Integrated Methods
		10.3 Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Vegetable Crops
	11: Solanaceous Vegetable Crops
		11.1 Potato, Solanum tuberosum
			11.1.1 Cyst Nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida
				11.1.1.1 Distribution
				11.1.1.2 Crop Losses
				11.1.1.3 Symptoms
				11.1.1.4 Host Range
				11.1.1.5 Biology and Life Cycle
				11.1.1.6 Ecology
				11.1.1.7 Spread and Survival
				11.1.1.8 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				11.1.1.9 Physiological Races
				11.1.1.10 Management
					11.1.1.10.1 Regulatory Methods
					11.1.1.10.2 Cultural Methods
						Crop Rotation
						Trap Cropping
						Intercropping
						Disease Escape
					11.1.1.10.3 Chemical Methods
					11.1.1.10.4 Biological Methods
					11.1.1.10.5 Host Resistance
					11.1.1.10.6 Integrated Methods
			11.1.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				11.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				11.1.2.2 Symptoms
				11.1.2.3 Life Cycle
				11.1.2.4 Host Range
				11.1.2.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				11.1.2.6 Ecology
				11.1.2.7 Physiological Races
				11.1.2.8 Survival and Spread
				11.1.2.9 Management
					11.1.2.9.1 Physical Methods
					11.1.2.9.2 Cultural Methods
						Hygiene
						Early Planting
						Crop Rotation
						Trap Crops
						Intercropping
						Organic Amendments
					11.1.2.9.3 Chemical Methods
					11.1.2.9.4 Biological Methods
					11.1.2.9.5 Host Resistance
					11.1.2.9.6 Integrated Methods
		11.2 Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum
			11.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				11.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				11.2.1.2 Symptoms
				11.2.1.3 Management
					11.2.1.3.1 In Nursery
						Physical Methods
						Cultural Methods
						Chemical Methods
						Biological Methods
						Host Resistance
						Integrated Methods
					11.2.1.3.2 In Field
						Physical Methods
						Cultural Methods
						Chemical Methods
						Biological Methods
						Host Resistance
						Integrated Methods
			11.2.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				11.2.2.1 Interaction
				11.2.2.2 Management
					11.2.2.2.1 Biological Methods
						Antagonistic Bacteria
						Antagonistic Fungi
					11.2.2.2.2 Chemical Methods
					11.2.2.2.3 Host Resistance
					11.2.2.2.4 Integrated Methods
						Bioagents and Botanicals
						Bioagents, Cultural Methods, and Host Resistance
						Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Botanicals
						Two Bioagents
			11.2.3 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Bacterial Wilt
				11.2.3.1 Interaction
				11.2.3.2 Management
		11.3 Brinjal, Solanum melongena
			11.3.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				11.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				11.3.1.2 Symptoms
				11.3.1.3 Management
					11.3.1.3.1 In Nursery Beds
						Physical Methods
						Chemical Methods
						Biological Methods
						Integrated Methods
					11.3.1.3.2 In Field
						Cultural Methods
						Chemical Methods
						Host Resistance
						Integrated Methods
			11.3.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Bacterial Wilt
				11.3.2.1 Interaction
				11.3.2.2 Management
					11.3.2.2.1 Biological Methods
					11.3.2.2.2 Integrated Methods
		11.4 Chilli and Bell Pepper, Capsicum annuum
			11.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				11.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				11.4.1.2 Symptoms
				11.4.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				11.4.1.4 Management
					11.4.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					11.4.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
					11.4.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
					11.4.1.4.4 Biological Methods
					11.4.1.4.5 Host Resistance
					11.4.1.4.6 Integrated Methods
			11.4.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Bacterial Wilt
				11.4.2.1 Interaction
				11.4.2.2 Management
		11.5 Conclusion
		References
	12: Malvaceous Vegetable Crops
		12.1 Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus
			12.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				12.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				12.1.1.2 Symptoms
				12.1.1.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				12.1.1.4 Spread
				12.1.1.5 Management
					12.1.1.5.1 Physical Methods
					12.1.1.5.2 Cultural Methods
						Organic Amendments
						Green Manuring
						Crop Rotation
						Biofumigation
					12.1.1.5.3 Chemical Methods
					12.1.1.5.4 Biological Methods
					12.1.1.5.5 Host Resistance
					12.1.1.5.6 Integrated Methods
			12.1.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				12.1.2.1 Interaction
				12.1.2.2 Management
			12.1.3 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Rhizoctonia Root Rot
				12.1.3.1 Interaction
				12.1.3.2 Management
		12.2 Conclusion
		References
	13: Leguminous Vegetable Crops
		13.1 French Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris
			13.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				13.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				13.1.1.2 Symptoms
				13.1.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				13.1.1.4 Management
					13.1.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					13.1.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
					13.1.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
					13.1.1.4.4 Host Resistance
			13.1.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				13.1.2.1 Symptoms
				13.1.2.2 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				13.1.2.3 Management
					13.1.2.3.1 Cultural Methods
					13.1.2.3.2 Chemical Methods
		13.2 Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata
			13.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				13.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				13.2.1.2 Symptoms
				13.2.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				13.2.1.4 Management
					13.2.1.4.1 Cultural Methods
					13.2.1.4.2 Chemical Methods
					13.2.1.4.3 Biological Methods
					13.2.1.4.4 Host Resistance
					13.2.1.4.5 Integrated Methods
			13.2.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				13.2.2.1 Crop Losses
				13.2.2.2 Symptoms
				13.2.2.3 Physiological Races
				13.2.2.4 Management
					13.2.2.4.1 Physical Methods
					13.2.2.4.2 Cultural Methods
					13.2.2.4.3 Host Resistance
					13.2.2.4.4 Integrated Methods
		13.3 Pea, Pisum sativum
			13.3.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				13.3.1.1 Symptoms
				13.3.1.2 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				13.3.1.3 Management
					13.3.1.3.1 Cultural Methods
					13.3.1.3.2 Chemical Methods
						Seed Treatment
						Main Field Treatment
					13.3.1.3.3 Host Resistance
			13.3.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				13.3.2.1 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				13.3.2.2 Management
		13.4 Conclusion
		References
	14: Cucurbitaceous Vegetable Crops
		14.1 Cucumber, Cucumis sativus
			14.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				14.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				14.1.1.2 Symptoms
				14.1.1.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				14.1.1.4 Spread
				14.1.1.5 Management
					14.1.1.5.1 Cultural Methods
					14.1.1.5.2 Chemical Methods
					14.1.1.5.3 Host Resistance
					14.1.1.5.4 Integrated Methods
		14.2 Pointed Gourd, Trichosanthes dioica
			14.2.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				14.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				14.2.1.2 Symptoms
				14.2.1.3 Management
					14.2.1.3.1 Cultural Methods
					14.2.1.3.2 Chemical Methods
					14.2.1.3.3 Integrated Methods
			14.2.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				14.2.2.1 Symptoms
				14.2.2.2 Bio-Ecology
				14.2.2.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				14.2.2.4 Management
					14.2.2.4.1 Cultural Methods
					14.2.2.4.2 Chemical Methods
					14.2.2.4.3 Integrated Methods
		14.3 Bottlegourd, Lagenaria siceraria and Bittergourd, Momordica charantia
			14.3.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				14.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				14.3.1.2 Symptoms
				14.3.1.3 Management
					14.3.1.3.1 Cultural Methods
					14.3.1.3.2 Chemical Methods
					14.3.1.3.3 Integrated Methods
		14.4 Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus
			14.4.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				14.4.1.1 Symptoms
				14.4.1.2 Survival and Spread
				14.4.1.3 Favorable Conditions
				14.4.1.4 Management
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	15: Root Vegetable Crops
		15.1 Carrot, Daucus carota
			15.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				15.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				15.1.1.2 Symptoms
				15.1.1.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				15.1.1.4 Spread
				15.1.1.5 Management
					15.1.1.5.1 Physical Methods
					15.1.1.5.2 Cultural Methods
					15.1.1.5.3 Chemical Methods
					15.1.1.5.4 Biological Methods
					15.1.1.5.5 Host Resistance
					15.1.1.5.6 Integrated Methods
					15.1.1.5.7 Success Story
		15.2 Beetroot, Beta vulgaris sub sp. vulgaris
			15.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				15.2.1.1 Symptoms
				15.2.1.2 Management
					15.2.1.2.1 Cultural Methods
					15.2.1.2.2 Host Resistance
		15.3 Conclusion
		References
	16: Bulbous Vegetable Crops
		16.1 Onion, Allium cepa, and Garlic, Allium sativum
			16.1.1 Stem and Bulb Nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci
				16.1.1.1 Symptoms
				16.1.1.2 Life Cycle
				16.1.1.3 Spread and Survival
				16.1.1.4 Management
					16.1.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					16.1.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
					16.1.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
			16.1.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				16.1.2.1 Symptoms
				16.1.2.2 Management
					16.1.2.2.1 Physical Methods
					16.1.2.2.2 Cultural Methods
					16.1.2.2.3 Integrated Methods
		16.2 Conclusion
		References
	17: Cruciferous Vegetable Crops
		17.1 Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, and Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
			17.1.1 Stunt Nematode, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae
				17.1.1.1 Distribution and Hosts
				17.1.1.2 Symptoms
				17.1.1.3 Life Cycle
				17.1.1.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				17.1.1.5 Histopathology and Histochemistry
				17.1.1.6 Management
					17.1.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
						Botanicals
					17.1.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					17.1.1.6.3 Host Resistance
			17.1.2 Cyst Nematode, Heterodera cruciferae
				17.1.2.1 Symptoms
				17.1.2.2 Favorable Conditions
				17.1.2.3 Survival and Spread
				17.1.2.4 Management
			17.1.3 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				17.1.3.1 Symptoms
				17.1.3.2 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				17.1.3.3 Favorable Conditions
				17.1.3.4 Survival
				17.1.3.5 Management
		17.2 Conclusion
		References
	18: Leafy Vegetable Crops
		18.1 Lettuce, Lactuca sativa
			18.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				18.1.1.1 Symptoms
				18.1.1.2 Management
					18.1.1.2.1 Physical Methods
					18.1.1.2.2 Cultural Methods
					18.1.1.2.3 Chemical Methods
					18.1.1.2.4 Biological Methods
					18.1.1.2.5 Integrated Methods
		18.2 Celery, Apium graveolens
			18.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica
				18.2.1.1 Symptoms
				18.2.1.2 Management
		18.3 Conclusion
		References
	19: Mushrooms
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Mushroom Nematodes
			19.2.1 Myceliophagous Nematodes
				19.2.1.1 Ditylenchus myceliophagus
				19.2.1.2 Aphelenchoides composticola
				19.2.1.3 Aphelenchoides agarici
				19.2.1.4 Aphelenchoides myceliophagus
				19.2.1.5 Aphelenchoides neocomposticola
				19.2.1.6 Aphelenchoides sacchari
				19.2.1.7 Aphelenchoides swarupi
				19.2.1.8 Aphelenchus avenae
				19.2.1.9 Seinura winchesi
			19.2.2 Saprophagous Nematodes
			19.2.3 Crop Losses
			19.2.4 Nature of Damage
			19.2.5 Symptoms
			19.2.6 Biology and Life Cycle
			19.2.7 Spread and Survival
			19.2.8 Management
				19.2.8.1 Prophylactic Measures
				19.2.8.2 Physical Methods
				19.2.8.3 Cultural Methods
				19.2.8.4 Chemical Methods
				19.2.8.5 Biological Methods
				19.2.8.6 Host Resistance
		19.3 Conclusion
		References
	20: Protected Cultivation of Vegetable Crops
		20.1 Introduction
			20.1.1 Major Nematode Problems
			20.1.2 Management
		20.2 Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum
			20.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				20.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				20.2.1.2 Symptoms
				20.2.1.3 Management
					20.2.1.3.1 Physical Methods
					20.2.1.3.2 Cultural Methods
					20.2.1.3.3 Chemical Methods
					20.2.1.3.4 Biological Methods
					20.2.1.3.5 Integrated Methods
		20.3 Bell Pepper, Capsicum annuum
			20.3.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				20.3.1.1 Symptoms
				20.3.1.2 Management
					20.3.1.2.1 Physical Methods
					20.3.1.2.2 Cultural Methods
					20.3.1.2.3 Chemical Methods
					20.3.1.2.4 Biological Methods
						Antagonistic Bacteria
						Antagonistic Fungi
					20.3.1.2.5 Host Resistance
					20.3.1.2.6 Integrated Methods
		20.4 Cucumber, Cucumis sativus
			20.4.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				20.4.1.1 Symptoms
				20.4.1.2 Management
					20.4.1.2.1 Physical Methods
					20.4.1.2.2 Cultural Methods
					20.4.1.2.3 Chemical Methods
					20.4.1.2.4 Biological Methods
					20.4.1.2.5 Host Resistance
					20.4.1.2.6 Integrated Methods
		20.5 Lettuce, Lactuca sativa
			20.5.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				20.5.1.1 Symptoms
				20.5.1.2 Management
		20.6 Future Thrusts
		20.7 Conclusion
		References
Part VII: Ornamental, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops
	21: Ornamental Crops
		21.1 Tuberose, Polianthes tuberosa
			21.1.1 Floral Malady, Aphelenchoides besseyi
				21.1.1.1 Distribution
				21.1.1.2 Crop Losses
				21.1.1.3 Symptoms
				21.1.1.4 Bio-Ecology
				21.1.1.5 Spread and Survival
				21.1.1.6 Management
					21.1.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
					21.1.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					21.1.1.6.3 Host Resistance
					21.1.1.6.4 Integrated Methods
			21.1.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				21.1.2.1 Distribution
				21.1.2.2 Crop Losses
				21.1.2.3 Symptoms
				21.1.2.4 Biology and Life Cycle
				21.1.2.5 Spread
				21.1.2.6 Management
					21.1.2.6.1 Cultural Methods
					21.1.2.6.2 Chemical Methods
					21.1.2.6.3 Biological Methods
					21.1.2.6.4 Integrated Methods
			21.1.3 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				21.1.3.1 Interaction
				21.1.3.2 Management
		21.2 Gladiolus, Gladiolus spp.
			21.2.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				21.2.1.1 Symptoms
				21.2.1.2 Survival
				21.2.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				21.2.1.4 Management
					21.2.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					21.2.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
					21.2.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
					21.2.1.4.4 Biological Methods
					21.2.1.4.5 Host Resistance
					21.2.1.4.6 Integrated Methods
			21.2.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				21.2.2.1 Interaction
				21.2.2.2 Management
		21.3 China Aster, Callistephus chinensis
			21.3.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				21.3.1.1 Symptoms
				21.3.1.2 Management
					21.3.1.2.1 Host Resistance
		21.4 Crossandra, Crossandra infundibuliformis
			21.4.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				21.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				21.4.1.2 Distribution
				21.4.1.3 Symptoms
				21.4.1.4 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				21.4.1.5 Management
					21.4.1.5.1 Cultural Methods
					21.4.1.5.2 Chemical Methods
					21.4.1.5.3 Biological Methods
					21.4.1.5.4 Integrated Methods
						Bioagents and Botanicals
						Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Botanicals
						Bioagents, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Botanicals
						Two Bioagents
						Bioagents and Botanicals/Chemicals
			21.4.2 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus delattrei
				21.4.2.1 Crop Losses
				21.4.2.2 Distribution
				21.4.2.3 Symptoms
				21.4.2.4 Host Range
				21.4.2.5 Life Cycle
				21.4.2.6 Histopathology
				21.4.2.7 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				21.4.2.8 Survival
				21.4.2.9 Management
					21.4.2.9.1 Cultural Methods
					21.4.2.9.2 Chemical Methods
					21.4.2.9.3 Biological Methods
					21.4.2.9.4 Integrated Methods
			21.4.3 Needle Nematode, Longidorus africanus
				21.4.3.1 Symptoms
				21.4.3.2 Host Range
				21.4.3.3 Histopathology
				21.4.3.4 Management
		21.5 Conclusion
		References
	22: Protected Cultivation of Flower Crops
		22.1 Introduction
			22.1.1 Nematode Problems
			22.1.2 Management
		22.2 Carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus
			22.2.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				22.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				22.2.1.2 Symptoms
				22.2.1.3 Management
					22.2.1.3.1 Chemical Methods
					22.2.1.3.2 Biological Methods
					22.2.1.3.3 Host Resistance
					22.2.1.3.4 Integrated Methods
						Bioagents and Botanicals
						Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Bioagents
						Bioagents, Botanicals and Chemicals
			22.2.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				22.2.2.1 Interaction
				22.2.2.2 Management
			22.2.3 Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus dihystera
				22.2.3.1 Symptoms
				22.2.3.2 Management
		22.3 Gerbera, Gerbera jamesonii
			22.3.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				22.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				22.3.1.2 Symptoms
				22.3.1.3 Management
			22.3.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Phytophthora Foot Rot
				22.3.2.1 Interaction
				22.3.2.2 Management
		22.4 Rose, Rosa spp.
			22.4.1 Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus spp.
				22.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				22.4.1.2 Symptoms
				22.4.1.3 Management
					22.4.1.3.1 Physical Methods
					22.4.1.3.2 Cultural Methods
					22.4.1.3.3 Chemical Methods
					22.4.1.3.4 Host Resistance
			22.4.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				22.4.2.1 Symptoms
				22.4.2.2 Management
					22.4.2.2.1 Physical Methods
					22.4.2.2.2 Chemical Methods
					22.4.2.2.3 Host Resistance
					22.4.2.2.4 Integrated Methods
		22.5 Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum indicum
			22.5.1 Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus coffeae, P. chrysanthus
				22.5.1.1 Symptoms
				22.5.1.2 Histopathology
				22.5.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				22.5.1.4 Management
			22.5.2 Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
				22.5.2.1 Symptoms
				22.5.2.2 Life Cycle
				22.5.2.3 Survival
				22.5.2.4 Management
					22.5.2.4.1 Physical Methods
					22.5.2.4.2 Cultural Methods
					22.5.2.4.3 Chemical Methods
					22.5.2.4.4 Host Resistance
			22.5.3 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				22.5.3.1 Symptoms
				22.5.3.2 Management
		22.6 Lilies, Lilium spp.
			22.6.1 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans
				22.6.1.1 Symptoms
				22.6.1.2 Management
			22.6.2 Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides fragariae
				22.6.2.1 Symptoms
				22.6.2.2 Spread and Survival
				22.6.2.3 Management
					22.6.2.3.1 Cultural Methods
					22.6.2.3.2 Chemical Methods
		22.7 Orchids, Cymbidium, Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, Dendrobium, Vanda spp.
			22.7.1 Foliar Nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi (on Vanda and Dendrobium nobile), A. fragariae (on Oncidium)
				22.7.1.1 Symptoms
				22.7.1.2 Favorable Conditions
				22.7.1.3 Spread and Survival
				22.7.1.4 Management
		22.8 Anthurium, Anthurium andraeanum
			22.8.1 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
				22.8.1.1 Symptoms
				22.8.1.2 Spread and Survival
				22.8.1.3 Biology
				22.8.1.4 Management
		22.9 Future Thrusts
		22.10 Conclusion
		References
	23: Medicinal Crops
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera
			23.2.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				23.2.1.1 Symptoms
				23.2.1.2 Management
					23.2.1.2.1 Cultural Methods
					23.2.1.2.2 Biological Methods
					23.2.1.2.3 Integrated Methods
			23.2.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Root Rot
				23.2.2.1 Symptoms
				23.2.2.2 Management
		23.3 Coleus, Solenostemon rotundifolius
			23.3.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				23.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				23.3.1.2 Symptoms
				23.3.1.3 Management
					23.3.1.3.1 Cultural Methods
					23.3.1.3.2 Chemical Methods
					23.3.1.3.3 Biological Methods
					23.3.1.3.4 Integrated Methods
			23.3.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Fusarium Wilt
				23.3.2.1 Interaction
				23.3.2.2 Management
			23.3.3 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Collar Rot
				23.3.3.1 Interaction
				23.3.3.2 Symptoms
				23.3.3.3 Management
			23.3.4 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Root Rot
				23.3.4.1 Symptoms
				23.3.4.2 Management
		23.4 Brahmi, Bacopa mannieri
			23.4.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				23.4.1.1 Symptoms
				23.4.1.2 Management
		23.5 Soda Apple, Solanum viarum
			23.5.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				23.5.1.1 Losses
				23.5.1.2 Symptoms
				23.5.1.3 Management
		23.6 Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger
			23.6.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				23.6.1.1 Symptoms
				23.6.1.2 Management
		23.7 Conclusion
		References
	24: Aromatic Crops
		24.1 Mints, Mentha spp.
			24.1.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				24.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				24.1.1.2 Symptoms
				24.1.1.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				24.1.1.4 Management
					24.1.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					24.1.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
						Nematode-Free Planting Material
						Crop Rotation
						Organic Amendments
					24.1.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
					24.1.1.4.4 Biological Methods
					24.1.1.4.5 Host Resistance
					24.1.1.4.6 Integrated Methods
			24.1.2 Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus spp.
				24.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				24.1.2.2 Symptoms
				24.1.2.3 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				24.1.2.4 Management
					24.1.2.4.1 Cultural Methods
					24.1.2.4.2 Chemical Methods
					24.1.2.4.3 Host Resistance
		24.2 Basil, Ocimum basilicum
			24.2.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				24.2.1.1 Symptoms
				24.2.1.2 Management
			24.2.2 Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides fragariae
				24.2.2.1 Symptoms
				24.2.2.2 Survival
				24.2.2.3 Management
		24.3 Jasmine, Jasminum spp.
			24.3.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				24.3.1.1 Symptoms
				24.3.1.2 Management
					24.3.1.2.1 Cultural Methods
					24.3.1.2.2 Chemical Methods
					24.3.1.2.3 Biological Methods
					24.3.1.2.4 Integrated Methods
		24.4 Patchouli, Pogostemon cablin
			24.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				24.4.1.1 Economic Importance
				24.4.1.2 Symptoms
				24.4.1.3 Favorable Conditions
				24.4.1.4 Management
					24.4.1.4.1 Cultural Methods
					24.4.1.4.2 Chemical Methods
					24.4.1.4.3 Biological Methods
					24.4.1.4.4 Host Resistance
					24.4.1.4.5 Integrated Methods
			24.4.2 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus brachyurus
				24.4.2.1 Symptoms
				24.4.2.2 Management
			24.4.3 Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus dihystera
				24.4.3.1 Symptoms
				24.4.3.2 Management
		24.5 Davana, Artemisia pallens
			24.5.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				24.5.1.1 Symptoms
				24.5.1.2 Management
					24.5.1.2.1 Cultural Methods
					24.5.1.2.2 Biological Methods
		24.6 Scented Geranium, Pelargonium graveolens
			24.6.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne hapla
				24.6.1.1 Symptoms
				24.6.1.2 Management
		24.7 Chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla
			24.7.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				24.7.1.1 Symptoms
				24.7.1.2 Management
					24.7.1.2.1 Chemical Methods
					24.7.1.2.2 Biological Methods
					24.7.1.2.3 Integrated Methods
		24.8 Conclusion
		References
Part VIII: Plantation, Spice and Tuber Crops
	25: Plantation Crops
		25.1 Coconut, Cocoas nucifera
			25.1.1 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
				25.1.1.1 Crop Losses
				25.1.1.2 Symptoms
				25.1.1.3 Host Range
				25.1.1.4 Life Cycle
				25.1.1.5 Survival and Spread
				25.1.1.6 Management
					25.1.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
					25.1.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					25.1.1.6.3 Biological Methods
					25.1.1.6.4 Host Resistance
					25.1.1.6.5 Integrated Methods
						Botanicals and Chemicals
						Cultural, Botanicals, and Chemicals
			25.1.2 Red Ring Nematode, Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
				25.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				25.1.2.2 Distribution
				25.1.2.3 Symptoms
				25.1.2.4 Host Range
				25.1.2.5 The Vector
				25.1.2.6 Life Cycle
				25.1.2.7 Survival
				25.1.2.8 Management
					25.1.2.8.1 Cultural Methods
					25.1.2.8.2 Chemical Methods
					25.1.2.8.3 Biological Methods
		25.2 Areca Nut, Areca catechu
			25.2.1 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
				25.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				25.2.1.2 Symptoms
				25.2.1.3 Life Cycle
				25.2.1.4 Ecology
				25.2.1.5 Management
					25.2.1.5.1 Cultural Methods
					25.2.1.5.2 Chemical Methods
					25.2.1.5.3 Host Resistance
					25.2.1.5.4 Integrated Methods
		25.3 Coffee, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora
			25.3.1 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae
				25.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				25.3.1.2 Symptoms
				25.3.1.3 Life Cycle
				25.3.1.4 Host Range
				25.3.1.5 Survival and Spread
				25.3.1.6 Management
					25.3.1.6.1 Cultural Methods
						Organic Amendments
						Fallowing
					25.3.1.6.2 Chemical Methods
					25.3.1.6.3 Host Resistance
					25.3.1.6.4 Integrated Methods
			25.3.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne exigua and M. coffeicola
				25.3.2.1 Crop Losses
				25.3.2.2 Symptoms
				25.3.2.3 Life Cycle
				25.3.2.4 Host Range
				25.3.2.5 Survival and Spread
				25.3.2.6 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				25.3.2.7 Management
					25.3.2.7.1 Cultural Methods
					25.3.2.7.2 Chemical Methods
					25.3.2.7.3 Host Resistance
		25.4 Tea, Camellia sinensis
			25.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				25.4.1.1 Symptoms
					25.4.1.1.1 On Young Tea
					25.4.1.1.2 On Mature Tea
				25.4.1.2 Life Cycle
				25.4.1.3 Management
					25.4.1.3.1 In Nurseries
						Physical Methods
						Cultural Methods
						Chemical Methods
						Integrated Methods
					25.4.1.3.2 In Field
						Cultural Methods
						Chemical Methods
		25.5 Conclusion
		References
	26: Spice Crops
		26.1 Black Pepper, Piper nigrum
			26.1.1 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
				26.1.1.1 Distribution
				26.1.1.2 Crop Losses
				26.1.1.3 Symptoms
				26.1.1.4 Life Cycle
				26.1.1.5 Host Range
				26.1.1.6 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				26.1.1.7 Spread
				26.1.1.8 Management
					26.1.1.8.1 Physical Methods
					26.1.1.8.2 Cultural Methods
					26.1.1.8.3 Chemical Methods
						Nursery
						Plantations
					26.1.1.8.4 Biological Methods
					26.1.1.8.5 Host Resistance
					26.1.1.8.6 Integrated Methods
			26.1.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				26.1.2.1 Crop Losses
				26.1.2.2 Symptoms
				26.1.2.3 Host Range
				26.1.2.4 Life Cycle
				26.1.2.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				26.1.2.6 Management
					26.1.2.6.1 Cultural Methods
					26.1.2.6.2 Chemical Methods
					26.1.2.6.3 Biological Methods
						Antagonistic Bacteria
						Antagonistic Fungi
						Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
					26.1.2.6.4 Host Resistance
					26.1.2.6.5 Integrated Methods
						Two Bioagents
						Cultural and Chemical Methods
			26.1.3 Interaction of Root-Knot and Burrowing Nematodes with Foot Rot
				26.1.3.1 Interaction
				26.1.3.2 Symptoms
				26.1.3.3 Management
					26.1.3.3.1 Cultural Methods
					26.1.3.3.2 Chemical Methods
					26.1.3.3.3 Integrated Methods
		26.2 Cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum
			26.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				26.2.1.1 Crop Losses
				26.2.1.2 Symptoms
				26.2.1.3 Host Range
				26.2.1.4 Survival and Spread
				26.2.1.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				26.2.1.6 Management
					26.2.1.6.1 Physical Methods
					26.2.1.6.2 Cultural Methods
					26.2.1.6.3 Chemical Methods
					26.2.1.6.4 Biological Methods
					26.2.1.6.5 Integrated Methods
			26.2.2 Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode with Rhizome Rot
				26.2.2.1 Interaction
				26.2.2.2 Management
		26.3 Ginger, Zingiber officinale
			26.3.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				26.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				26.3.1.2 Symptoms
				26.3.1.3 Biology and Life Cycle
				26.3.1.4 Spread
				26.3.1.5 Management
					26.3.1.5.1 Physical Methods
						Hot Water Treatment
						Solar Energy Treatment
					26.3.1.5.2 Cultural Methods
						Crop Rotation
						Intercropping
						Organic Amendments
						Tissue Cultured Plants
					26.3.1.5.3 Host Resistance
					26.3.1.5.4 Integrated Methods
			26.3.2 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
				26.3.2.1 Crop Losses
				26.3.2.2 Symptoms
				26.3.2.3 Host Range
				26.3.2.4 Life Cycle
				26.3.2.5 Spread
				26.3.2.6 Management
					26.3.2.6.1 Physical Methods
					26.3.2.6.2 Cultural Methods
		26.4 Turmeric, Curcuma longa
			26.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
				26.4.1.1 Crop Losses
				26.4.1.2 Symptoms
				26.4.1.3 Survival and Spread
				26.4.1.4 Management
					26.4.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					26.4.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
					26.4.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
					26.4.1.4.4 Biological Methods
					26.4.1.4.5 Host Resistance
					26.4.1.4.6 Integrated Methods
			26.4.2 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
				26.4.2.1 Crop Losses
				26.4.2.2 Symptoms
				26.4.2.3 Survival and Spread
				26.4.2.4 Management
		26.5 Conclusion
		References
	27: Tuber Crops
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Cassava, Manihot esculenta
			27.2.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				27.2.1.1 Distribution
				27.2.1.2 Crop Losses
				27.2.1.3 Symptoms
				27.2.1.4 Management
					27.2.1.4.1 Cultural Methods
					27.2.1.4.2 Host Resistance
					27.2.1.4.3 Integrated Methods
			27.2.2 Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus brachyurus, P. sefaensis
				27.2.2.1 Crop Losses
				27.2.2.2 Distribution
				27.2.2.3 Symptoms
				27.2.2.4 Management
		27.3 Taro, Colocasia esculenta
			27.3.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
				27.3.1.1 Crop Losses
				27.3.1.2 Symptoms
				27.3.1.3 Survival and Spread
				27.3.1.4 Management
					27.3.1.4.1 Physical Methods
					27.3.1.4.2 Cultural Methods
					27.3.1.4.3 Chemical Methods
					27.3.1.4.4 Biological Methods
					27.3.1.4.5 Host Resistance
		27.4 Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas
			27.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				27.4.1.1 Distribution
				27.4.1.2 Crop Losses
				27.4.1.3 Symptoms
				27.4.1.4 Biology
				27.4.1.5 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				27.4.1.6 Ecology
				27.4.1.7 Survival and Spread
				27.4.1.8 Management
					27.4.1.8.1 Physical Methods
					27.4.1.8.2 Cultural Methods
					27.4.1.8.3 Chemical Methods
					27.4.1.8.4 Biological Methods
					27.4.1.8.5 Host Resistance
					27.4.1.8.6 Integrated Methods
			27.4.2 Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis
				27.4.2.1 Crop Losses
				27.4.2.2 Symptoms
				27.4.2.3 Biology
				27.4.2.4 Ecology
				27.4.2.5 Host Range
				27.4.2.6 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				27.4.2.7 Survival and Spread
				27.4.2.8 Management
					27.4.2.8.1 Physical Methods
					27.4.2.8.2 Cultural Methods
					27.4.2.8.3 Chemical Methods
					27.4.2.8.4 Biological Methods
					27.4.2.8.5 Host Resistance
			27.4.3 Dry Rot Nematode, Scutellonema bradys
				27.4.3.1 Symptoms
				27.4.3.2 Management
			27.4.4 Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus coffeae, P. brachyurus
				27.4.4.1 Symptoms
				27.4.4.2 Favorable Conditions
				27.4.4.3 Survival and Spread
				27.4.4.4 Management
		27.5 Yams, Dioscorea spp.
			27.5.1 Yam Nematode, Scutellonema bradys
				27.5.1.1 Distribution
				27.5.1.2 Crop Losses
				27.5.1.3 Symptoms
				27.5.1.4 Host Range
				27.5.1.5 Biology
				27.5.1.6 Survival and Spread
				27.5.1.7 Interaction with Other Pathogens
				27.5.1.8 Management
					27.5.1.8.1 Physical Methods
					27.5.1.8.2 Cultural Methods
						Phytosanitation and Clean Planting Materials
						Agronomic Practices in the Field
						Organic and Mineral Fertilizers
					27.5.1.8.3 Chemical Methods
					27.5.1.8.4 Biological Methods
						Antagonistic Bacteria
						Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
						Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
					27.5.1.8.5 Host Resistance
					27.5.1.8.6 Integrated Methods
			27.5.2 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				27.5.2.1 Crop Losses
				27.5.2.2 Symptoms
				27.5.2.3 Biology
				27.5.2.4 Host Range
				27.5.2.5 Survival and Spread
				27.5.2.6 Management
					27.5.2.6.1 Physical Methods
					27.5.2.6.2 Cultural Methods
					27.5.2.6.3 Chemical Methods
					27.5.2.6.4 Biological Methods
					27.5.2.6.5 Host Resistance
			27.5.3 Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae
				27.5.3.1 Symptoms
				27.5.3.2 Survival and Spread
				27.5.3.3 Management
		27.6 Yam Bean, Pachyrhizus erosus
			27.6.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria
				27.6.1.1 Symptoms
				27.6.1.2 Management
		27.7 Winged Bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
			27.7.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
				27.7.1.1 Crop Losses
				27.7.1.2 Symptoms
				27.7.1.3 Management
		27.8 Elephant Foot Yam, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
			27.8.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
				27.8.1.1 Symptoms
				27.8.1.2 Management
		27.9 Conclusion
		References
Part IX: Future Thrusts and Conclusion
	28: The Way Ahead
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Perspectives in Sustainable Nematode Management
			28.2.1 Basic Research
			28.2.2 Cultural Methods
			28.2.3 Chemical Methods
			28.2.4 Biological Methods
			28.2.5 Host Resistance
			28.2.6 Integrated Methods
		28.3 Evolving Research Thrusts
		28.4 Transfer of Technology
			28.4.1 What Needs to Be Done?
		28.5 Conclusion
		References
Index