Neglected and Underutilized Crops - Towards Nutritional Security and Sustainability

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
1: Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species: Are They Future Smart Crops in Fighting Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition Under Ch...
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Concept of Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species
	1.3 Production Trends and Consumption
		1.3.1 Underutilized Cereals
		1.3.2 Underutilized Pulses
		1.3.3 Underutilized Vegetables
		1.3.4 Underutilized Root and Tuber Crops
	1.4 Importance of Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species
		1.4.1 Potentiality and Nutritional Importance of Underutilized Crops
		1.4.2 Nutritional Importance
		1.4.3 Diversification for Food Security: The Role of Underutilized Crops
			1.4.3.1 Medicinal Values
			1.4.3.2 Genetic Resources for the Development of Stress-Tolerant Crops
			1.4.3.3 Sustainability of Underutilized Crops
	1.5 Current Status of Research on NUFCs
	1.6 Biotechnological Approaches for Domestication and Improvement of Orphan Crop Species for Climate Resilience
		1.6.1 Concept and Importance of Domestication
		1.6.2 Genome Editing Using CRISPR Technology
	1.7 Challenges in Production of NUFCs
	1.8 Framework for Mainstreaming NUFCs for Sustainable Nutrition Security
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
2: Neglected and Underutilized Crops: Present Status and Future Prospectus
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Present Status of Neglected and Underutilized Species
		2.2.1 Status of NUS Around the World
		2.2.2 Global Scenario of NUS
		2.2.3 Status of NUS in Europe
		2.2.4 Status in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
		2.2.5 Status of NUS in West Asia
		2.2.6 Status of NUS in Asia
	2.3 China, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam and Southeast Asia
		2.3.1 India
		2.3.2 Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
		2.3.3 Pakistan and Nepal
	2.4 Global Research Organizations and Events Promoting NUS
	2.5 The Genetic Resources Policy Committee of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
	2.6 International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC)
	2.7 Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species (GFU)
	2.8 Crops for the Future (CFF)
	2.9 The African Orphan Crop Consortium (AOCC)
	2.10 Potential and Future Prospects of NUS
	2.11 Conclusion
	References
3: Germplasm Resources of Major Underutilized Crops
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Categories of Underutilized Crops
		3.2.1 Cereals
		3.2.2 Vegetables
		3.2.3 Legumes
		3.2.4 Roots and Tuber Crops
		3.2.5 Fruits
		3.2.6 Oilseeds
	3.3 Major Underutilized Crops and Their Germplasm Resources
		3.3.1 Millets
		3.3.2 Buckwheat
		3.3.3 Grain Amaranths
		3.3.4 Quinoa
		3.3.5 Ancient Wheat or Hulled Wheat
		3.3.6 Teff
		3.3.7 Bambara Groundnut
		3.3.8 Faba Bean
		3.3.9 Moringa
		3.3.10 Winged Bean
	3.4 Organizations Involved in Improving and Maintaining Genetic Resources
		3.4.1 International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC)
		3.4.2 Global Facilitation Unit (GFU)
		3.4.3 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
		3.4.4 Crops for the Future (CFF)
		3.4.5 The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)
		3.4.6 The United Nation Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
	3.5 Constraints in Development of Underutilized Crops
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4: Underutilized Vegetable Species of Indian Himalayas
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Status of Underutilized Vegetables in India
	4.3 Jammu and Kashmir
		4.3.1 Wand haaq (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)
		4.3.2 Khanyari Haaq (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)
		4.3.3 Hanz haaq (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)
		4.3.4 Wast haaq (Amaranthus spp.)
		4.3.5 Nunnar (Portulaca oleracea)
		4.3.6 Hannd/Han (Taraxacum officinale)
		4.3.7 Sonchal/Swatsal (Malva sylvestris)
		4.3.8 Abuj (Rumex obtusifolius)
		4.3.9 Pamb haaq (Rheum emodi)
		4.3.10 Shamsho (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
		4.3.11 Shangsho (Lepidium latifolium)
		4.3.12 Khala (Lactuca dolichophylla)
		4.3.13 Pran (Allium cepa var. proliferum)
		4.3.14 Skotche (Allium przewalskianum)
		4.3.15 Nadru (Nelumbo nucifera)
	4.4 Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Temperate NE Region
		4.4.1 Zimu (Allium tuberosum)
		4.4.2 Jangli chulai (Amaranthus viridis) and Kantachulai (Amaranthus spinosus)
		4.4.3 Bathua (Chenopodium album Linn.)
		4.4.4 Chala (Nasturtium officinale)
		4.4.5 Piyaji (Asphodelus tenuifolius)
		4.4.6 Lungru/Kasrod (Diplazium esculentum Retz.)
		4.4.7 Duna (Allium humile Kunth.)
		4.4.8 Jambu or Faran (Allium consanguineum and Allium wallichii Kunth.)
		4.4.9 Bichhubooti (Urtica dioica)
	4.5 Anti-nutritional Factors
	4.6 Scope of Underutilized Vegetables in India
	References
5: Nutritional and Medicinal Values of Neglected Spice Crops of Indian Himalayas
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Addressing Underutilization of NUS
	5.3 Scenario of Production
		5.3.1 Identification, Selection, and Cultivation
		5.3.2 Resources and Production
		5.3.3 Storage and Processing
		5.3.4 Trade and Retail
		5.3.5 Consumer
	5.4 Nutritional and Medicinal Scope of the Neglected Spice Crops
		5.4.1 Capsicum minimum
		5.4.2 Zanthoxylum armatum
		5.4.3 Hedychium spicatum
		5.4.4 Ajuga bracteosa
		5.4.5 Euphorbia hirta
		5.4.6 Dicliptera bupleuroides
		5.4.7 Myrica esculenta
		5.4.8 Berberis aristata
		5.4.9 Flemingia vestita
		5.4.10 Perilla frutescens
		5.4.11 Thymus linearis
		5.4.12 Allium stracheyi
		5.4.13 Angelica glauca
		5.4.14 Piper longum
	5.5 Conclusion and a Way Forward from Ecological Niche to Mainstream Purpose
	References
6: Genetics and Genomics Resources of Millets: Availability, Advancements, and Applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Genetics and Genomic Relationships
	6.3 Genomic Resources
	6.4 Advancements
		6.4.1 Use of Germplasm for Crop Improvement
		6.4.2 Enhancement of Drought Tolerance
		6.4.3 Markers with Agronomic Traits, Abiotic and Biotic Stress Confrontation, and Product Quality
		6.4.4 Molecular Breeding Tools Enhanced by Genomic Sequences
	6.5 Applications
	6.6 Conclusion and Future Research Needs
	References
7: Genomic Approaches for the Improvement and Conservation of Buckwheat
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Biotechnological Interventions for Combating Underutilization of Buckwheat
	7.3 Molecular Marker System and Its Application in Buckwheat
	7.4 Sequencing Status of Buckwheat
	7.5 Future Prospectus
	References
8: Genetic and Genomic Resources of Chestnut
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Genetics of Chestnut
	8.3 Genomic Approach to Disease Resistance in American Chestnut
	8.4 Conservation of Chestnut Germplasm
		8.4.1 In Situ Conservation
		8.4.2 Ex Situ Conservation
		8.4.3 In Vitro Conservation
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9: Genetic and Genomic Resources in Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata Thunb.): Availability, Advancements, and Applications
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Genomic Resources: Advancement in Marker Technology
	9.3 Genetic Resources in Rice Bean
	9.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
10: Advancements in High-Throughput Omics-Technologies for Understanding the Biology of Neglected and Underutilized Crops
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Technical Advancement in Transcriptomics to Study NUCs
		10.2.1 Hybridization-Based Technology
			10.2.1.1 DNA Microarray/DNA Chips
		10.2.2 Sequencing-Based Technologies
			10.2.2.1 Expressed Sequence Tags
		10.2.3 Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) and Cap Analysis Gene Expression (CAGE)
		10.2.4 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)/RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq)
		10.2.5 Transcript Assembly
			10.2.5.1 Reference-Based Assembly Method
			10.2.5.2 De Novo Method
			10.2.5.3 Combined Strategy
	10.3 Progress Made in Proteomics Technologies to Understand the NUCs
		10.3.1 Advancements in Protein Extraction and Sample Clean-Up
		10.3.2 Proteolytic Digestion and Database Searching for Gel-Based and Gel-Free Proteomics Approaches
	10.4 Technical Advancements in Metabolomics to Facilitate the Metabolome Profiling of NUCs
	10.5 Softwares and Other Bioinformatics Platforms to Facilitate the Studies on NUCs
		10.5.1 Softwares for the Functional Annotation and Integration of Omics Data
			10.5.1.1 Pathview Web: User-Friendly Pathway Visualization and Data Integration
			10.5.1.2 PaintOmics 3: A Web Resource for the Pathway Analysis and Visualization of Multi-Omics Data
			10.5.1.3 KaPPA-View: Integrating Transcript and Metabolite Data
			10.5.1.4 MapMan: A User-Driven Tool to Functionally Annotate the Identified Genes/Proteins in Various Pathways
		10.5.2 Subcellular Localization
			10.5.2.1 CELLO: Subcellular Localization Predictive System
			10.5.2.2 PSORTb (http://www.psort.org)
			10.5.2.3 TMHMM Server
			10.5.2.4 SignalP 3.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/)
			10.5.2.5 LOCtree
			10.5.2.6 PredictProtein (http://www.predictprotein.org)
		10.5.3 Tools for the Detection of Post-translational Modifications
			10.5.3.1 PhosPhAt: A Database of Phosphorylation Sites in Arabidopsis thaliana and a Plant-Specific Phosphorylation Site Predi...
			10.5.3.2 Prediction of Glycosylation Sites
				10.5.3.2.1 Cartoonist
				10.5.3.2.2 GlycoWorkbench
				10.5.3.2.3 NetOGlyc-Prediction of Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation Sites Based on Sequence Context and Surface Accessibility
				10.5.3.2.4 NetNGlyc 1.0
	References
11: Understanding the Barriers of Underutilization and Applicability of Biotechnological Tools for Augmenting Spice Crop Produ...
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Phytochemicals and Their Biological Activities
		11.1.2 Production and Global Marketing Scenario
			11.1.2.1 Constraints Faced in Production of Spices in India (IISR 2013)
		11.1.3 Importance of Spices
	11.2 Biotechnology Research (A Great Potential to Explore Spices)
	11.3 Important Biotechnological Tools for Spices Cultivation: Detailed Analysis
		11.3.1 Micropropagation: An Important Approach to Produce Disease-Free Spice Crops
		11.3.2 Meristem and Shoot Tip Cultures
		11.3.3 Protoplast Culture
		11.3.4 Somaclonal Variations
		11.3.5 In Vitro Selection for Resistance to Environmental Stresses
		11.3.6 In Vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites from Spices
	11.4 Conclusion
	References