Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation: Environmental and Socio-Economic Aspects

Series Preface
Preface
Contents
Introduction: Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation
	References
Part I: Environmental Impacts of Nature-Based Solutions
Multidimensional Aspects of Floods: Nature-Based Mitigation Measures from Basin to River Reach Scale
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Climate Change and Uncertainty in Flood Risk Management
		1.2 Importance of Upscaling in Flood Mitigation
	2 Multidimensional Aspects of Flood Mitigation at the Basin Scale
		2.1 Influence of Geomorphological Properties of Earth Surface on Flooding Regimes
		2.2 LULC Data Utility in Flood Risk Mitigation
		2.3 Topography as a Static Driver of Water Flow Regime
		2.4 Hydrometeorological Aspects of Floods
		2.5 Hydraulic Aspects of Floods
	3 Sustainable Flood Mitigation Measures in Support of Integrated Flood Management
		3.1 Non-structural Measures
		3.2 Structural Measures
		3.3 The Ecosystem Conservation Aspects of Nature-Based Mitigation Measures
	4 Future Research Needs and Recommendations for Improvement of Floods Mitigation Measures
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigate Coastal Floods and Associated Socioecological Impacts
	1 Introduction
	2 The Transition from Traditional to Nature-Based Coastal Flood Mitigation
	3 Categorization of NBS for Coastal Flood Mitigation
		3.1 NBS Type 1: Low Human Interventions
		3.2 NBS Type 2: Medium Human Interventions
		3.3 NBS Type 3: The Creation of New Ecosystems and Hybrid Solutions
		3.4 Global Implementation of NBS in the Context of Coastal Flooding
		3.5 Socioecologic Impacts of NBS
			3.5.1 Socioecological Benefits
			3.5.2 Socioecological Constrains
	4 Challenges and Opportunities for the Implementation of NBS for Coastal Flood Mitigation
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation and Resilience in Urban Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Urban Flood Risk Management Approaches
	3 Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Flood Mitigation
	4 The Role of NBS to Improve Urban Resilience
		4.1 Sustainability and Urban Resilience Principles
		4.2 NBS Contribution for Urban Resilience
	5 Challenges and Barriers to Implement NBS in Urban Areas
		5.1 The Role of Urban Planning in NBS Implementation
		5.2 Effectiveness of NBS
		5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of NBS
	6 Final Considerations
	References
Nature-Based Solutions Impact on Urban Environment Chemistry: Air, Soil, and Water
	1 Introduction
	2 Urban Impacts on Environmental Chemistry
		2.1 Air
		2.2 Soil
		2.3 Water
	3 Nature-Based Solutions and Urban Environmental Chemistry
		3.1 Air
		3.2 Soil
		3.3 Water
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Role of Floods on Pathogen Dispersion
	1 Introduction
	2 Multiscale Drivers for Floods and Associated Infectious Diseases
		2.1 Climate Change
			2.1.1 Climate Change and Flooding
			2.1.2 Climate Change as a Predictor of Infectious Diseases
		2.2 Vegetation Cover Changes
			2.2.1 Effects of Land Use Changes on Flooding
			2.2.2 Effect of Land Use Changes on Infectious Diseases
			2.2.3 Urbanization
			2.2.4 Urbanization and Flooding
			2.2.5 Urbanization and Infectious Diseases
	3 Processes Through Which Flooding Enhances Infectious Diseases Occurrence
		3.1 Water- and Food-Borne Diseases
			3.1.1 Cholera
			3.1.2 Leptospirosis
		3.2 Vector-Borne Diseases
			3.2.1 Malaria
			3.2.2 Rift Valley Fever
	4 Solutions for the Control of Floods and Associated Diseases
		4.1 Prevention Through Nature-Based Solutions
		4.2 Surveillance and Emergency Preparedness
		4.3 Response to Flood-Borne Diseases
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Role of Plants in Water Regulation and Pollution Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytoremediation as a Nature-Based Solution to Control Pollution
	3 The Role of Trees and Aquatic Plants in Water Regulation and Pollution Control
	4 NBS Strategies for Water Regulation and Pollution Control in Urban Areas
	5 NBS Strategies for Water Regulation and Pollution Control in Mining Industry
	6 Final Considerations
	References
Part II: NBS Effectiveness in Flood Mitigation: Assessment Methods and Case Studies
Impacts of Land Abandonment on Flood Mitigation in Mediterranean Mountain Areas
	1 Introduction: Land Abandonment in Mediterranean Mountain Areas
	2 Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation from an Environmental and Socioeconomic Point of View
		2.1 Passive Rewilding
		2.2 Afforestation
		2.3 Shrubland Clearing
		2.4 Recovery of Mosaic Landscapes
		2.5 Recovery of Stonewalls and Terraces
	3 Coping with Floods in the Central Spanish Pyrenees
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Modelling and Evaluation of the Effect of Afforestation on the Runoff Generation Within the Glinsčica River Catchment (Central...
	1 Introduction
	2 The Glinsčica River Catchment
	3 Model Simulations
	4 Cost-Benefit Analysis
		4.1 Cost of Afforestation
		4.2 Benefits of Flood Protection Measures
		4.3 Biodiversity
		4.4 Carbon
		4.5 Recreation
		4.6 Water Quality
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Long-Term Impacts of Land Use Change Upon the Natural Flood Storage Reservoirs Along the North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 Coastal Geology and Geomorphology
		2.2 Climate on the Bulgarian Coast
		2.3 Hydrological Properties
		2.4 Floristic Characteristics of the Longoz Forest Communities
		2.5 Baltata and Longoza Localities as Case Studies
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results
		4.1 Part 1: Literature Review. Land Use Dynamics Along the North Bulgarian Coast. Main Land Use and Land Conversion Periods
			4.1.1 Ottoman Period
			4.1.2 Period from the Liberation of Bulgaria Until the Second World War
			4.1.3 Socialist Period (1944-1989)
			4.1.4 Contemporary Period (1989-Present Day)
		4.2 Part 2: GIS-Aided Assessment and Interpretation of the Spatio-Temporal Land Use Changes at Baltata and Longoza Localities
			4.2.1 Baltata Locality
			4.2.2 Longoza Locality
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Hydrological Aspects of Nature-Based Solutions in Flood Mitigation in the Danube River Basin in Croatia: Green vs. Grey Approa...
	1 Introduction
	2 Flood Risk Management in Croatia
		2.1 Legal Documents and Projects Supporting NBS Implementation for Flood Risk Management
	3 Hydrological Aspects of Retention Areas in the Danube River Basin in Croatia
		3.1 Hydrological Characteristics of the Danube River Basin
		3.2 Flood Protection System Based on Grey Infrastructure
		3.3 Floodplains and Protected Areas
		3.4 Effectiveness of Floodplains and Wetland for Flood Alleviation
	4 Wetlands as NBS for Flood Risk Mitigation
		4.1 Lonjsko Polje and Central Sava Basin Flood Protection System
		4.2 Kopački Rit
	5 Conclusion
	References
Assessment of NBS Impact on Pluvial Flood Regulation Within Urban Areas: A Case Study in Coimbra, Portugal
	1 Introduction
	2 Flood Management in Coimbra and Green Infrastructures
		2.1 Location and Characterization of the Urban Areas
		2.2 Water Management and Floods
	3 Case Study of Quinta de São Jerónimo GI
		3.1 Location and Biophysical Characterization
		3.2 The Role of Quinta de São Jerónimo GI on Flood Mitigation
			3.2.1 Methodology
			3.2.2 Water Storage Capacity of the Lake
			3.2.3 Performance of the Blue Structures to Mitigate Downslope Floods
		3.3 Co-benefits of Quinta de São Jerónimo
	4 Final Considerations
	References
Identification of Surface Runoff Source Areas as a Tool for Projections of NBS in Water Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Identification of Runoff Source Areas Using Environmental Modelling Techniques
		2.1 Characteristics of the Study Area
		2.2 Modelling of the Surface Runoff Source Areas
		2.3 Identification of Runoff Source Areas in the Drevnice River Basin, Using the LOREP Model
	3 Results of the Soil Water Retention Modelling in the Case Study Area
		3.1 Surface Runoff Heights
		3.2 Links between Soil Water Retention and Habitat Types
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Using Landscape Connectivity to Identify Suitable Locations for Nature-Based Solutions to Reduce Flood Risk
	1 Introduction
	2 Connectivity and Dis-connectivity
	3 Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) for Flood Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas
	4 Application of Connectivity Definition for NBS Implementation in Urban Areas
		4.1 Study Areas
		4.2 Connectivity Mapping
	5 Final Considerations
	References
From Sponge Cities to Sponge Landscapes with Nature-Based Solutions: A Multidimensional Approach to Map Suitable Rural Areas f...
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 The Spongescaping Approach and the Construction of the Sponge Landscape Suitability Map (SLSM)
			2.2.1 Sponge Map (SM)
			2.2.2 Eco-Landscape Map (ELM)
			2.2.3 Sponge Landscape Suitability Map (SLSM)
		2.3 The Selection of Local-Based Nature-Based Solutions
	3 Results
		3.1 The Spongescaping Approach and the Sponge Landscape Suitability Map (SLSM)
			3.1.1 Regional Level
			3.1.2 Province Level
		3.2 The Selection of Local-Based Nature-Based Solutions
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Part III: Socio-Economic Aspects of NBS
A Cooperative Game for Upstream-Downstream River Flooding Risk Prevention in Four European River Basins
	1 Introduction
	2 Game Theory in Flood Issues
	3 Method
	4 Study Areas
	5 Costs and Benefits
	6 Results
	7 Discussion
	8 Conclusion
	References
Win-Win for Everyone? Reflecting on Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Risk Management from an Environmental Justice Perspective
	1 Nature-Based Solutions and Environmental Justice: An Emerging Topic
	2 Three Types of Environmental Justice
		2.1 Justice of Recognition
		2.2 Procedural Justice
		2.3 Distributive Justice
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
What Nature-Based Flood Protection Solutions Are Best Perceived by People? Lessons from Field Research in Czechia
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Most Important Agricultural Landscape Functions
		3.2 Design of Image-Assisted Questionnaire Survey
		3.3 Design of Discrete Choice Experiment
		3.4 Data Collection
	4 Results
		4.1 Sample Characteristics of Respondents
		4.2 Agricultural Landscape Functions
		4.3 Perceived Aesthetics and Importance of Measures
		4.4 Preferences and Willingness to Pay for NBS and TCC
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Legal Implications of Natural Floods Management: Lithuania Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Legal Framework in Lithuania
	4 Natural Flood Management Measures in Lithuanian Flood Risk Management Plan
	5 Incompleteness and Insufficiency of Law as a Challenge for the Implementation of the NBS
	6 Contradicting and Incoherent Laws as a Challenge for the Implementation of the NBS
	7 Conclusions
	References
Sticks, Carrots, and Sermons for Implementing NBS on Private Property Land
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Application of Coercive Measures (``Sticks´´) for Implementation of NBS: In the Context of the Protection of Property Rights...
	4 Measures for the Implementation of NBS for Flood Management on Private Land in the Practice of Different Countries
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Socio-Economical Aspects of NBS
	1 Introduction
	2 Barriers in Establishing the NBS
		2.1 Risk Assessments and Vulnerability in the Context of Developing NBS
		2.2 Social Adaption Towards Understanding the Flood Risk
	3 Socio-Economic Analysis
	4 Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs)
	5 Integrated Early Warning Systems (EWS) Based on Micro-Network Frameworks
	6 Conclusions
	References
Part IV: Conclusion
Conclusions
	1 Enhanced Knowledge for Understanding the Value and Limits of Nature-Based Solutions
	2 Nature-Based Solutions and Collaboration of Disciplines
	References