Nature and Grace

Cover......Page 1
About this book......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 3
Title Page......Page 11
Miscellaneous Prefatory......Page 13
General Editor’s Preface......Page 16
Original Table of Contents......Page 17
General Introduction......Page 29
Art. 1: Whether Another Doctrine is Necessary, besides the Philosophical Sciences......Page 38
Art. 2: Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Science......Page 39
Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Single Science......Page 40
Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Practical Science......Page 41
Whether Sacred Doctrine is Nobler than other Sciences......Page 42
Whether Sacred Doctrine is Wisdom......Page 43
Art. 7: Whether God is the Subject of This Science......Page 44
Whether Sacred Doctrine Proceeds by Argument......Page 45
Whether Sacred Doctrine should Use Metaphors......Page 46
Art. 10: Whether One Passage of Sacred Scripture may have Several Interpretations......Page 48
Art. 1: Whether it is Self-Evident that God Exists......Page 49
Article 2: Whether God’s Existence can be Demonstrated......Page 51
Art. 3: Whether God Exists......Page 52
Q. 3: Of the Simple Nature of God......Page 54
Art. 1: Whether God is a Body......Page 55
Art. 2: Whether there is Composition of Form and Matter in God......Page 56
Whether God is the Same as his Essence, or Nature......Page 57
Art. 4: Whether Essence and Existence are the Same in God......Page 59
Whether God Belongs to a Genus......Page 60
Whether there is any Accident in God......Page 61
Whether God is Altogether Simple......Page 62
Art. 8: Whether God Enters into the Composition of Other Things......Page 63
Art. 1: Whether God is Perfect......Page 65
Art. 2: Whether the Perfections of all Things are in God......Page 66
Art. 3: Whether any Creature can be Like God......Page 68
Appendix to Q. 4, Art. 3......Page 69
Art. 1: Whether there is Love in God......Page 71
Art. 2: Whether God Loves all Things......Page 72
Art. 3: Whether God Loves All Things Equally......Page 74
Art. 4: Whether God Always Loves Better Things the More......Page 75
Art. 1: Whether there is Justice in God......Page 77
Art. 2: Whether God\'s Justice is Truth......Page 79
Art. 3: Whether there is Mercy in God......Page 80
Art. 4: Whether Justice and Mercy are Present in all God’s Works......Page 81
Q. 22: Of Divine Providence......Page 82
Art. 1: Whether Providence is Appropriately Ascribed to God......Page 83
Art. 2: Whether All Things are under Divine Providence......Page 84
Art. 3: Whether God Provides for All Things Directly......Page 86
Art. 4: Whether Providence Imposes a Necessity on what it Provides......Page 88
Art. 1: Whether Men are Predestined by God......Page 89
Art. 2: Whether Predestination Implies Anything in the Predestined......Page 90
Article 3: Whether God Rejects Any Man......Page 92
Art. 4: Whether the Predestined are Chosen by God......Page 93
Art. 5: Whether the Foreknowledge of Merits is the Cause of Predestination......Page 94
Art. 6: Whether Predestination is Certain......Page 97
Art. 7: Whether the Number of the Predestined is Certain......Page 98
Art. 8: Whether Predestination can be Furthered by the Prayers of the Devout......Page 100
Art. 1: Whether Original Sin is a Habit......Page 103
Art. 2: Whether there are Many Original Sins in One Man......Page 104
Art. 3: Whether Original Sin is Desire......Page 105
Art. 4: Whether Original Sin is in All Men Equally......Page 107
Art. 1: Whether Sin Diminishes Natural Good......Page 108
Art. 2: Whether the Whole Good of Human Nature can be Destroyed by Sin......Page 109
Art. 3: Whether Weakness, Ignorance, Malice, and Desire are Rightly Named as the Wounds of Nature Due to Sin......Page 111
Art. 4: Whether Privation of Mode, Species, and Order is the Effect of Sin......Page 112
Art. 5: Whether Death and Other Defects of the Body are the Effects of Sin......Page 113
Art. 6: Whether Death and Other Defects are Natural to Man......Page 115
Art. 1: Whether a Man can Know any Truth without Grace......Page 117
Art. 2: Whether a Man can Will or do Good without Grace......Page 119
Art. 3: Whether a Man can Love God above All Things by His Natural Powers alone, without Grace......Page 120
Art. 4: Whether a Man can fulfil the Commandments of the Law by His Natural Powers, without Grace......Page 122
Art. 5: Whether a Man can Merit Eternal Life, without Grace......Page 123
Art. 6: Whether without Grace a Man can Prepare Himself for Grace......Page 124
Art. 7: Whether a Man can rise from Sin without the Help of Grace......Page 125
Art. 8: Whether a Man can avoid Sin, without Grace......Page 127
Art. 9: Whether, after receiving Grace, a Man can do Good and avoid Sin, without further help of Grace......Page 128
Art. 10: Whether a Man in Grace needs the help of Grace in order to Persevere......Page 130
Art. 1: Whether Grace denotes Something in the Soul......Page 131
Art. 2: Whether Grace is a Quality of the Soul......Page 133
Art. 3: Whether Grace is the same as Virtue......Page 134
Art. 4: Whether Grace is in the Soul’s Essence as its Subject, or in One of its Powers......Page 136
Art. 1: Whether Grace is appropriately divided into Sanctifying Grace and Free Grace......Page 137
Art. 2: Whether Grace is appropriately divided into Operative and Co-operative Grace......Page 139
Art. 3: Whether Grace is Appropriately Divided into Prevenient and Subsequent Grace......Page 140
Art. 4: Whether Free Grace is Appropriately Divided by the Apostle......Page 142
Art. 5: Whether Free Grace is Nobler than Sanctifying Grace......Page 144
Art. 1: Whether God is the Sole Cause of Grace......Page 145
Art. 2: Whether a Preparation or Disposition for Grace is required on the part of man......Page 146
Art. 3: Whether Grace is Bound to be given to One Who Prepares Himself for Grace, or Who does what He can......Page 147
Art. 4: Whether Grace is greater in One Man than in Another......Page 148
Art. 5: Whether a Man can know that He has Grace......Page 150
Q. 113: The Effects of Grace......Page 151
Art. 1: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is the Remission of Sins......Page 152
Art. 2: Whether an Infusion of Grace is required for the Remission of Guilt, which is the Justification of the Ungodly......Page 153
Art. 3: Whether a Movement of the Free Will is required for the Justification of the Ungodly......Page 154
Art. 4: Whether a Movement of Faith is reojuired for the Justification of the Ungodly......Page 156
Art. 5: Whether a Movement of the Free Will against Sin is required for the justification of the ungodly......Page 157
Art. 6: Whether the Remission of Sins should be Numbered with the things reequired for the Justification of the Ungodly......Page 158
Art. 7: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is achieved Instantaneously or Gradually......Page 160
Art. 8: Whether the Infusion of Grace is the First of the Things required for the Justification of the Ungodly, According to the Order of Nature......Page 162
Art. 9: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is the Greatest Work of God......Page 164
Art. 10: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is a Miracle......Page 165
Q. 114: Concerning Merit, Which Is the Effect of Co-operative Grace......Page 166
Art. 1: Whether a Man can Merit Anything from God......Page 167
Art. 2: Whether One can Merit Eternal Life without Grace......Page 168
Art. 3: Whether a Man in Grace can Merit Eternal Life Condignly......Page 169
Art. 4: Whether Grace is the Principle of Merit through Charity more Principally than through Other Virtues......Page 171
Art. 5: Whether a Man can Merit the First Grace for Himself......Page 172
Art. 6: Whether a Man can Merit the First Grace for Another......Page 173
Art. 7: Whether a Man can Merit His Restoration after a Lapse......Page 174
Art. 8: Whether a Man can Merit an Increase of Grace or Charity......Page 175
Art. 9: Whether a Man can Merit Perseverance......Page 176
Art. 10: Whether Temporal Goods can be Merited......Page 178
Art. 1: Whether the Object of Faith is the First Truth......Page 180
Art. 2: Whether the Object of Faith is Something Complex, in the Form of a Proposition......Page 181
Art. 3: Whether what is False can be Held in Faith......Page 182
Art. 4: Whether the Object of Faith can be Something Seen......Page 184
Art. 5: Whether the Things of Faith can be Known Scientifically......Page 185
Art. 6: Whether Matters of Faith ought to be Divided into Certain Articles......Page 187
Art. 7: Whether the Articles of Faith have Increased with the Passing of Time......Page 188
Art. 8: Whether the Articles of Faith are appropriately Enumerated......Page 190
Art. 9: Whether the Articles of Faith are appropriately Set Forth in a Symbol......Page 193
Art. 10: Whether it is for the Chief Pontiff to Draw Up the Symbol of the Faith......Page 195
Art. 1: Whether to Believe is to Think with Assent......Page 196
Art. 2: Whether to Believe God, to Believe that there is a God, and to Believe in God are rightly Distinguished as Acts of Faith......Page 198
Art. 3: Whether, for Salvation, it is Necessary to Believe Anything which is Beyond Natural Reason......Page 199
Art. 4: Whether it is Necessary to Believe such Things as can be Proved by Natural Reason......Page 200
Art. 5: Whether a Man is required to Believe Anything Explicitly......Page 201
Art. 6: Whether all Men Equally are required to have Explicit Faith......Page 203
Art. 7: Whether Explicit Belief in the Mystery of the Incarnation of Christ is Necessary for the Salvation of Everybody......Page 204
Art. 8: Whether Explicit Belief in the Trinity is Necessary for Salvation......Page 206
Art. 9: Whether to Believe is Meritorious......Page 207
Art. 10: Whether a Reason in Support of the Things of Faith Diminishes the Merit of Faith......Page 209
Art. 1: Whether Confession is an Act of Faith......Page 210
Art. 2: Whether Confession of Faith is Necessary for Salvation......Page 212
Art. 1: Whether this is a Satisfactory Definition of Faith: Faith is the Substance of Things Hoped for, the Evidence of Things not Seen......Page 213
Art. 2: Whether Faith is in the Intellect as its Subject......Page 216
Art. 3: Whether Charity is the Form of Faith......Page 217
Art. 4: Whether Unformed Faith can become Formed, or Vice Versa......Page 218
Art. 5: Whether Faith is a Virtue......Page 219
Art. 6: Whether Faith is a Single Virtue......Page 221
Art. 7: Whether Faith is the First of the Virtues......Page 222
Art. 8: Whether Faith is more Certain than Science and the Other Intellectual Virtues......Page 224
Art. 1: Whether Angels and Man had Faith in their First State......Page 225
Art. 2: Whether Devils Have Faith......Page 227
Art. 3: Whether One Who Disbelieves One Article of Faith can Have Unformed Faith in the Other Articles......Page 228
Art. 4: Whether Faith can be Greater in One Than in Another......Page 230
Art. 1: Whether Faith is Infused into Man by God......Page 231
Art. 2: Whether Unformed Faith is a Gift of God......Page 232
Art. 1: Whether Fear is an Effect of Faith......Page 234
Art. 2: Whether Purification of the Heart is an Effect of Faith......Page 235
Art. 1: Whether Hope is a Virtue......Page 236
Art. 2: Whether Eternal Blessedness is the Proper Object of Hope......Page 237
Art. 3: Whether One can Hope for the Eternal Blessedness of Another......Page 239
Art. 4: Whether One may Lawfully Hope in Man......Page 240
Art. 5: Whether Hope is a Theological Virtue......Page 241
Art. 6: Whether Hope is Distinct from the other Theological Virtues......Page 242
Art. 7: Whether Hope precedes Faith......Page 243
Art. 8: Whether Charity is Prior to Hope......Page 244
Art. 1: Whether Hope is in the Will as its Subject......Page 245
Art. 2: Whether there is Hope in the Blessed......Page 246
Art. 3: Whether there is Hope in the Damned......Page 248
Art. 1: Whether God can be Feared......Page 250
Art. 2: Whether Fear is appropriately Divided into Filial, Initial, Servile, and Worldly Fear......Page 251
Art. 3: Whether Worldly Fear is always Evil......Page 253
Art. 4: Whether Servile Fear is Good......Page 254
Art. 5: Whether Servile Fear is substantially the Same as Filial Fear......Page 255
Art. 6: Whether Servile Fear Remains when Charity is Present......Page 256
Art. 7: Whether Fear is the Beginning of Wisdom......Page 257
Art. 8: Whether Initial Fear Differs Substantially from Filial Fear......Page 259
Art. 9: Whether Fear is a Gift of the Holy Spirit......Page 260
Art. 10: Whether Fear Diminishes as Charity Increases......Page 261
Art. 11: Whether Fear Remains in Heaven......Page 262
Art. 12: Whether Poverty of Spirit is the Beatitude which Corresponds to the Gift of Fear......Page 264
Art. 1: Whether Despair is a Sin......Page 265
Art. 2: Whether there can be Despair without Unbelief......Page 267
Art. 3: Whether Despair is the Greatest of Sins......Page 268
Art. 4: Whether Despair Arises from Listlessness......Page 269
Q. 21: Of Presumption......Page 270
Art. 1: Whether Presumption Relies on God, or on One’s Own Power......Page 271
Art. 2: Whether Presumption is a Sin......Page 272
Art. 3: Whether Presumption is Opposed to Fear rather than to Hope......Page 273
Art. 4: Whether Presumption is Caused by Vainglory......Page 274
Q. 23: Of Charity, Considered in Itself......Page 275
Art. 1: Whether Charity is Friendship......Page 276
Art. 2: Whether Charity is Something Created in the Soul......Page 277
Art. 3: Whether Charity is a Virtue......Page 279
Art. 4: Whether Charity is a Specific Virtue......Page 280
Art. 5: Whether Charity is a Single Virtue......Page 281
Art. 6: Whether Charity is the Most Excellent of the Virtues......Page 282
Art. 7: Whether there can be any True Virtue without Charity......Page 283
Art. 8: Whether Charity is the Form of the Virtues......Page 285
Art. 1: Whether to be Loved is More Proper to Charity than to Love......Page 286
Art. 2: Whether the Love which is an Act of Charity is the Same as Benevolence......Page 287
Art. 3: Whether by Charity God is to be Loved on Account of Himself......Page 289
Art. 4: Whether God can be Loved Immediately in this Life......Page 290
Art. 5: Whether God can be Loved Wholly......Page 291
Art. 6: Whether Love to God ought to have a Mode......Page 292
Art. 7: Whether it is more Meritorious to Love an Enemy than to Love a Friend......Page 293
Art. 8: Whether it is more Meritorious to Love One’s Neighbour than to Love God......Page 295
Bibliography......Page 297
Index of References to Other Authors and Sources......Page 303
Index of Scripture References......Page 331
Latin Words and Phrases......Page 333
Index of Pages of the Print Edition......Page 334