Naturalist's Guide to the Arctic

Preface --
Introduction --
1. Sky --
1.1 The Land of the Midnight Sun --
1.2 What about the Midday Moon? --
1.3 A Compass near the Magnetic Pole --
1.4 The Geomagnetic Pole --
1.5 The Aurora Borealis, or \"\"Northern Lights\"\" --
2. Climate and Atmosphere --
2.1 The Arctic Climate --
2.2 The Seasons --
2.3 The Climate near the Ground --
2.4 Arctic Mirages --
2.5 The Air Made Visible --
3. Terrain --
3.1 Ice Caps and Glaciers --
3.2 Permafrost --
3.3 Traces of the Ice Age --
3.4 Tundra Polygons --
3.5 Pingos --
3.6 Peat: Peat Mounds, Palsas, and Peat Plateaus --
3.7 Tundra Hummocks. 3.8 Patterned Ground of Other Kinds --
3.9 Underground Ice --
3.10 Thawing Landscapes --
3.11 Arctic Rivers --
4. Seas --
4.1 Icebergs --
4.2 Sea Ice: The Pack --
4.3 Ice Islands --
4.4 Open Water: Polynyas and Leads --
4.5 Ice and Beaches --
5. Plant Life --
5.1 Why Trees Can\'t Grow in the Far North --
5.2 The Northernmost Tree Species --
5.3 The Wavering, Shifting Treeline --
5.4 Trees and Permafrost --
5.5 Tundra and Polar Desert --
5.6 Carbon in the Tundra Ecosystem --
5.7 Plant Adaptations to Arctic Conditions --
5.8 Arctic Flowers --
5.9 Seeds and Fruits: The Way Plants Spread. 5.10 When Seeds Fail --
5.11 Some Plant Communities --
5.12 Where Have They Come From? --
5.13 A Field Guide to Arctic Flowers --
5.14 A Field Guide to Arctic Ferns and Their Relatives --
5.15 Arctic Mosses, Lichens, and Nostoc --
6. Birds --
6.1 Residents and Migrants: The Quest for Food --
6.2 More on Migration: Populations and Destinations --
6.3 Protection from the Cold --
6.4 Breeding in the Arctic --
6.5 More on Breeding: Nests and Eggs --
6.6 A Field Guide to Arctic Birds --
7. Mammals --
7.1 The Arctic as a Home for Mammals --
7.2 The Bear Family --
7.3 The Cattle, Sheep, and Goat Family. 7.4 The Deer Family --
7.5 The Dog, Fox, and Wolf Family --
7.6 The Weasel Family --
7.7 The Hare and Rabbit Family --
7.8 The Squirrel Family --
7.9 The Beaver Family --
7.10 The Mouse, Lemming, and Vole Family --
7.11 The Shrew Family --
7.12 Walruses and Seals --
7.13 Two Whale Families --
8. Fish --
8.1 Fish and Naturalists --
8.2 The Salmon Family: Pacific Salmon --
8.3 Other Fish of the Salmon Family --
8.4 Some Other Arctic Fishes --
9. Insects --
9.1 Insect Life in the Arctic --
9.2 Insect Pollinators: Bumblebees and Flies --
9.3 Insects as Food for Birds: Flies. 9.4 Mosquitoes and Blackflies --
9.5 The Warble Flies and Nose Bots of Caribou --
9.6 Butterflies --
Index.