Natural Pesticides and Allelochemicals: Advances and Trends in Crop Protection

Cover
Half Title
Natural Pesticides and Allelochemicals: Advances and Trends in Crop Protection
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
About the Editors
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Natural Pesticides and Allelochemicals: Advances and Trends in Crop Protection
	0.1 Background
Section 1. Pest Management—Sustainability Versus
	1. Synthetic Pesticides and Sustainable Food Products
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Insecticides
			1.2.1 Amides
			1.2.2 Pyrethroids
			1.2.3 Lactones and Derivates
		1.3 Herbicides
			1.3.1 Cyclic Imides
			1.3.2 Lactones and Derivates
			1.3.3 Anilides
			1.3.4 Benzoxazole Derivatives
			1.3.5 Dienamides and Epoxy Derivatives
			1.3.6 N-Phenylnorbornenesuccinimide Derivatives
			1.3.7 Benzoquinones
		1.4 Conclusion
		References
	2. Toxicity of Chemical and Biological Plant Protection Products to Agriculture
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Benefit of Pesticides
		2.3 Effect of Pesticide Toxicity on Agriculture Soil and Plants
		2.4 Effect of Pesticide Toxicity on Agricultural Soil
		2.5 Effect of Pesticide Toxicity on Plants
		2.6 Heavy Metals
			2.6.1 Sources of Heavy Metals
			2.6.2 Natural Sources of Heavy Metals
			2.6.3 Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals
			2.6.4 Agricultural Sources of Heavy Metals
			2.6.5 Effect of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Agriculture Soil and Plants
			2.6.6 Effect of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Plants
		References
	3. Effect of Pesticides on Environment and Health
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Effects of Pesticides on the Environment
			3.2.1 Soil Contamination
			3.2.2 Water Contamination
			3.2.3 Air Contamination
		3.3 Effect of Pesticides on Biodiversity
			3.3.1 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity
			3.3.2 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity
		3.4 Effect of Pesticides on Human Health
			3.4.1 Chronic Toxicity
		3.5 Effect of Pesticides on Vegetation
		3.6 Effect of Pesticides on Animals
			3.6.1 Birds
			3.6.2 Aquatic Biota
			3.6.3 Amphibians
			3.6.4 Pollinators
		3.7 Effect of Pesticides on Soil Microorganisms
		3.8 Effect of Pesticides on Agriculture (Benefits and Hazards)
			3.8.1 Benefits of Pesticide Use in Agriculture
			3.8.2 Consequences of Pesticide Use in Agriculture
		3.9 Management
			3.9.1 Optimum Use of Chemical Pesticides
			3.9.2 Adoption of Integrated Pest Management
		3.10 Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides
		3.11 Conclusion
		References
	4. Natural and Synthetic Chemical Products: Protection and Safety, Toxicity in Crops
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Chemical Products of Natural Origin
			4.1.2 Synthetic Products Derived from Plant Substances
			4.1.3 Natural Products Used as Active Ingredients for Protection and Safety in the Preparation of New Products
			4.1.4 Toxicological Properties of Plant Sources
		References
	5. Allelochemicals and Signaling Compounds in the Plant Kingdom: Interactions and Functions
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Allelochemicals
		5.3 Potential Allelochemical-Producing Plant Species
		5.4 Allelochemicals Released from Various Plants
		5.5 Signaling Chemicals
		5.6 Airborne Plant-Derived Signaling Chemicals
		5.7 Plant-Derived Signaling Chemicals
		5.8 Soilborne Signaling Chemicals
		5.9 Roles of Allelochemicals in Sustainable Agriculture
		5.10 Development of Herbicides (Allelochemicals)
		5.11 Conventional Methods of Intercropping
		5.12 Breeding and Cultivation of Allelopathic Cultivars
		5.13 Advances and Trends
		References
	6. Pest Management in Agriculture: Chemical and Biological Methods
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 History
		6.3 Classification of Pesticides
			6.3.1 Classification Based on Pest Targeted and Mechanism of Action
			6.3.2 Benefits and Risks Associated with Conventional Pesticides
		6.4 Novel Methods of Pest Management
			6.4.1 Nanopesticides
			6.4.2 Biological Pesticides
			6.4.3 Recent Research and Development in Biological Pesticides
		6.5 Conclusion
		References
Section 2. Essential Oils and Allelochemicals
	7. Allelochemical Approaches and Phytotoxic Potential of Essential Oils
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Allelochemical Approach to Essential Oils
		7.3 Phytotoxicity
		7.4 Conclusion
		References
	8. Essential Oils as Potential Integrated Pest Management Strategies
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Aromatic Plants Considered Ecological Products for Pest Control
		8.2 Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds as Environmentally
Friendly Green Pesticides in Pest Control
		8.3 Essential Oil-Based Products Effective in Pest Control
			8.3.1 Essential Oils in Nanoformulations and Emulsions
			8.3.2 Essential Oils in Commercial Pesticides
		8.4 Advantages, Applications, and Challenges of Essential Oils in Pest Management
		References
	9. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils: Uses and Applications Against Plant Pathogens
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 EOs in the Control of Plant Pathogen Bacteria
		9.3 EOs and Their Antifungal Activity against Plant Pathogen Fungi
		9.4 EOs as Nematicides in Plant Protection
		9.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Section 3. Pesticides Based on Natural Products
	10. High-Throughput Screening to Detect Natural Compounds with Pesticidal Properties
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Screening Methods for Natural Compound Identification as New Pesticides
			10.2.1 Ligand-Based Approach
			10.2.2 Structure-Based Method
			10.2.3 Molecular Docking Characteristics and Software
			10.2.4 Molecular Docking Applications for Pesticide Molecule Identification Targeting Mitochondria
		10.3 Workflow to Identify Natural Compounds with Pesticidal Activity
			10.3.1 Search and Selection of the Protein of Interest
			10.3.2 Structure Preparation, Optimization, and Detection of Protein Binding Sites
			10.3.3 Library Selection, Preparation, Ligand Optimization
			10.3.4 Molecular Docking for Screening Insecticide Compounds
			10.3.5 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
		10.4 Electroantennography as an Alternative Method for Testing New Natural Compound-Based Repellents
			10.4.1 Instrumentation for Electroantennography
			10.4.2 Sensils and the Electrical Principles of the EAG Technique
		10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
	11. Microbe-Based Pesticides: Promising Alternative to Chemical Pesticides
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Can Microbial Pesticides Be an Alternative to Chemical Pesticides?
		11.3 Microbial Pesticides
		11.4 Why Microbial Pesticides?
		11.5 Types and Function of Microbial Pesticides
			11.5.1 Bacteria
		11.6 Fungi
		11.7 Actinomycetes
		11.8 Actinomycetes as Biocontrol Agents
		11.9 Mycovirus
		11.10 Mycoviruses as Biocontrol Agents
		11.11 Mechanism
		11.12 Bacteriophages
		11.13 Application of Microbial Pesticides in Plant Disease Management
		11.14 Formulation
		11.15 Principles of Formulation
		11.16 Classifications and Functions of Adjuvants Used for Microbial Pesticides
		11.17 Carriers
		11.18 Surfactants
		11.19 Protective Agents
			11.19.1 UV Protection Agents
		11.20 Nutritional Adjuvants
		11.21 Challenges and Opportunities for Commercialization of Microbial Pesticides
		11.22 Conclusion
		References
	12. Phenylpropanoids as Potential Natural Pesticides
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Classification of Phenylpropanoids
		12.3 Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids
			12.3.1 Shikimate Biosynthetic Pathway
		12.4 Phenylpropanoids in Plant Protection
			12.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity in Plant Protection
			12.4.2 Allelopathic Activity
		12.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	13. Terpenes and Terpenoids, Potential Alternatives for the Control of Weeds
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Structure and Classification
		13.3 Natural Products of Terpenes
			13.3.1 Terpenoids: Natural Products for Cancer Therapy
		13.4 Uses of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Plant Protecting
			13.4.1 Biochemistry of Terpenes and Recent Advances in Plant Protection
			13.4.2 Terpenes as Natural Insecticides
			13.4.3 Terpene-Based Bio-Pesticides as Potential Alternatives to Synthetic Insecticides for Control of Aphid Pests on Protected Ornamentals
		13.5 Antidiabetic
		13.6 Antidepressants
		13.7 Uses in Folk Medicine
		References
	14. Traditional Knowledge and the Development of Botanical Biocides in Brazil for the Control of Aedes aegypti
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Materials and Methods
		14.3 Results and Discussion
			14.3.1 Insecticide and Repellent Plants Traditionally Used in Brazil
			14.3.2 Plant Parts Used and Methods of Preparation and Application of Botanical Repellents and Insecticides
			14.3.3 Species with the Highest Citation Frequency
		14.4 Species Evaluated Against the Vector Aedes aegypti
		14.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	15. Azadirachtin from Neem (Azadirachta indica): Efficacy and Mechanisms Against Insects and Diseases
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Azadirachtin
		15.3 Biosynthesis of Azadirachtin
		15.4 Mechanism of Action of Neem
			15.4.1 Insecticidal Properties of Azadirachtin
		15.5 Effects on Neuro-Endocrine Activity
		15.6 Effects on Reproduction
		15.7 Antifeedancy and Anti-Feeding Impacts
		15.8 Cellular and Molecular Effects
		15.9 Taxonomical Classification of Neem
			15.9.1 Morphological Description of Neem
		15.10 Chemical Constituents/Bioactive Compounds of Neem
		15.11 Active Ingredients in Neem and the Mechanism of Action
		15.12 Neem in Insect Pest Control
		15.13 Biological Impacts of Neem on Insect Pests
		15.14 Antifeedant
		15.15 Oviposition Deterrence
		15.16 Metamorphosis Inhibition
		15.17 Insect Repellence
		15.18 Neem as Insect Pest Fumigant
		15.19 Neem in Disease Control
		15.20 Antifungal Activity
		15.21 Antibacterial Activity
		15.22 Antiviral Activity
		15.23 The Potential and Prospects of Neem to Control Diseases
		15.24 Conclusion
		References
Section 4. N atural Herbicides
	16. Terpenes and Terpenoids as a Sustainable Alternative for Weed Control
		16.1 Introduction
			16.1.1 Terpenes and Terpenoids
		16.2 Monoterpenes
		16.3 Sesquiterpenes
		16.4 Diterpenes
		16.5 Conclusion
		References
	17. Microbial Herbicides
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Biological Weed Control
		17.3 Classical Biological Weed Control with Phytopathogens
		17.4 Microbial Herbicides
		17.5 Mycoherbicides
		17.6 Bacto-Herbicides
		17.7 Viral Herbicides
		17.8 Nematoda Herbicides
			17.8.1 Silverleaf Nightshade
			17.8.2 Russian Knapweed
		17.9 Sustainability, Safety, Hazards and Risks of Microbial Herbicides
		17.10 Concluding Remarks
		References
	18. Fungal Biopesticides and Their Uses for Control of Insect Pests and Diseases
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Concept of Biopesticides
			18.2.1 Fungal Biopesticides
			18.2.2 Beauvaria spp.
			18.2.3 Metarhizium spp.
			18.2.4 Verticillium lecanii
			18.2.5 Paecilomyces spp.
			18.2.6 Nomuraea spp.
		18.3 Pathogenicity and Mode of Action of Entomopathogenic Fungal Biopesticides
		18.4 Biofungicides or Mycofungicides
			18.4.1 Trichoderma
			18.4.2 Chaetomium
			18.4.3 Gliocladium
			18.4.4 Ampelomyces
			18.4.5 Other Fungi as Biofungicides
		18.5 Mechanisms of Biological Control
			18.5.1 Antibiosis
			18.5.2 Competition
			18.5.3 Mycoparasitism
			18.5.4 Induced Resistance
		18.6 Bioherbicides
		18.7 Limitations in Successful Utilization of Fungal Biopesticides
		18.8 Conclusion
		References
	19. Allelopathy: A Green Sustainable Weed Management Approach
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Concept of Allelopathy
			19.2.1 History
			19.2.2 Types of Allelopathy
			19.2.3 Forms of Allelopathic Interactions
			19.2.4 Factors Affecting Allelopathic Effects
		19.3 Allelochemicals
			19.3.1 Ways of Releasing Allelochemicals
		19.4 Plants Showing Allelopathic Potential
			19.4.1 Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.)
			19.4.2 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
			19.4.3 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.)
			19.4.4 Mango (Mangifera indica)
		19.5 Crops with Allelopathic Potential
			19.5.1 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
			19.5.2 Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
			19.5.3 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
			19.5.4 Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
			19.5.5 Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)
		19.6 Weed Species with Allelopathic Potential
		19.7 Utilization of Allelopathy in Weed Management
			19.7.1 Allelopathic Crop Cultivars
			19.7.2 Allelopathic Crops in Rotational Sequence
			19.7.3 Intercropping with Weed-Suppressing Plants
			19.7.4 Cover Cropping
			19.7.5 Allelochemicals or Modified Allelochemicals as Herbicides
			19.7.6 Application of Allelopathic Crop Residues as Mulch
			19.7.7 Green Manuring
		19.8 Modification of Crops for Enhancing the Production of Allelochemicals
			19.8.1 Modification through Breeding
		19.9 Future Prospects
		References
Section 5. Seaweeds and Vermicompost
	20. Marine Products: Key Source for Novel Pesticidal Agents
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Key Marine Organisms and Their Pesticidal Compounds
			20.2.1 Marine Sponges: Biotoxins and Their Applications
			20.2.2 Marine Algae: Bioactive Metabolites with Pesticidal Properties
			20.2.3 Marine Bacteria and Fungi: Secondary Metabolites with Potential Pesticidal Activity
		20.3 Mechanisms of Action
		20.4 Examples of Marine-Derived Pesticides in Use
			20.4.1 Pesticides from Marine Actinomycetes
			20.4.2 Compounds Derived from Sea-Snail
			20.4.3 Algal Antifungal Agents
			20.4.4 Coral-Derived Natural Products
			20.4.5 Bioactive Compounds from Marine Bacteria
			20.4.6 Bryozoan-Derived Compounds
			20.4.7 Nereistoxin and Its Analogues
			20.4.8 Fungal Strains as Pesticides
		20.5 Environmental and Economic Benefits
		20.6 Challenges and Future Prospects
			20.6.1 Challenges in Large-Scale Production and Consistency
			20.6.2 Regulatory and Safety Considerations
		20.7 Future Research Directions and Potential Breakthroughs
		20.8 Conclusion
		References
	21. Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Impact of Vermicompost on Soil Health and Ornamental Plant Production
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Vermicomposting
		21.3 Suitable Vermicomposting Species
		21.4 Physicochemical Properties of Vermicompost
		21.5 Characterization of Earthworm-Associated Vermibacteria
		21.6 Vermibacteria as Plant Growth Bacteria
		21.7 Vermibacteria as Bactoremediators
		21.8 Vermicompost Improves Soil Health
		21.9 Vermicompost and Integrated Management Systems Stimulate Growth of Ornamental Plants
		References
Index