Natural Law and the Origin of Political Economy: Samuel Pufendorf and the History of Economics

Cover
......Page 1
Half Title
......Page 2
Title Page
......Page 4
Copyright Page
......Page 5
Table of Contents
......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
A True European......Page 15
Doctrines of Political Economy......Page 16
Diffusion of Pufendorf’s Economic Ideas......Page 17
Early French Philosophers and Pufendorf......Page 18
Scottish Followers of Pufendorf......Page 19
How could Pufendorf be Overlooked?......Page 20
Note......Page 21
PART I:
Childhood and Education......Page 22
1. Childhood: Turbulent Times......Page 24
Notes......Page 26
2. University Education in Leipzig and Jena......Page 27
Notes......Page 32
3. A Creative Imprisonment in Copenhagen......Page 33
Notes......Page 35
PART II:
A True European......Page 38
Pufendorf as Professor at the University of Heidelberg......Page 40
Pufendorf as Professor at the University of Lund......Page 42
Pufendorf as Historiographer in Stockholm......Page 45
Pufendorf as Historiographer in Berlin......Page 47
Notes......Page 49
Pufendorf’s Writings......Page 50
Grotius and his Followers Selden, Hobbes and Cumberland......Page 53
Pufendorf’s System of Natural Law......Page 58
Notes......Page 61
PART III:
Doctrines of Political Economy......Page 64
6. Method of Analysis......Page 66
The Method used in Elementorum Jurisprudentiae Universalis......Page 67
The Method used in De Jure Naturae et Gentium......Page 68
The Social Life of Man......Page 70
The Certainty of Moral Science......Page 71
Notes......Page 72
Man’s Distinctive Light of Intelligence......Page 73
Man Should Be Governed by Law......Page 76
The Natural State of Man......Page 78
The True Basis for the Law of Nature......Page 80
Self-Interest – Man’s First Human Attribute......Page 81
Sociability – Man’s Second Human Attribute......Page 82
Man’s Duties towards Himself......Page 84
Man’s Duties Toward Other Men......Page 85
Discounted Value of Damage......Page 86
Notes......Page 87
The Right and the Power of Men......Page 89
The Origin of Property......Page 90
The Role of an Agreement or Pact......Page 94
The Four-Stages Theory......Page 95
Notes......Page 98
What is Price?......Page 100
Human Motives......Page 103
Legal Price and Natural Price......Page 106
How is the Natural Price Determined?......Page 107
Changes in Market Price......Page 108
Question of Information......Page 109
Theory of Money and Trade......Page 110
What Can Be Used as Money?......Page 111
Quantity of Money and the Price Level......Page 113
Money and the Rate of Interest......Page 114
Monopolies......Page 116
On Interest......Page 117
Notes......Page 118
On the Establishment of a State......Page 120
On the Internal Structure of States......Page 121
Contractual Nature of the State......Page 122
What Agreements Are Needed?......Page 123
Council Decisions and Voting Procedures
......Page 125
An Insoluble Problem?......Page 129
Notes......Page 130
The Division of Responsibilities in a State......Page 132
What Parts Are Naturally United?......Page 135
Forms of States......Page 136
Comparative Advantages of Different Forms of States......Page 138
Principles of Taxation......Page 140
The Economic Responsibility of a Sovereign......Page 142
Note......Page 146
PART IV:
Diffusion of Pufendorf’s Economic Ideas......Page 148
What Were the Reasons for his Popularization?......Page 150
De Officio: An International Bestseller......Page 151
Jean Barbeyrac: The Preeminent French Translator......Page 152
Editions and Translations of De Officio......Page 153
Natural Law a University Subject......Page 157
Notes......Page 159
A Biographical Sketch......Page 161
Pufendorf Locke’s Primary Source......Page 163
Locke’s Writings on Political Economy......Page 165
Theory of Property......Page 167
Theory of Value, Money and Trade......Page 170
Foundation of States......Page 173
Division of State Powers, Corruption and Taxation......Page 174
Locke and the Diffusion of Pufendorf’s Natural Law......Page 175
Notes......Page 177
PART V:
Early French Philosophers and Pufendorf......Page 180
The Distinguished Moralist......Page 182
The Legal Philosopher......Page 183
The Magistrate from Normandy......Page 184
Pufendorf’s French Translator......Page 186
An Unoriginal Plagiarist......Page 187
The Editor......Page 192
Notes......Page 194
15. Charles Montesquieu: A Great Philosopher......Page 195
Montesquieu Stands Indebted to Pufendorf......Page 196
Notes......Page 203
16. Jean-Jaques Rousseau: A Political Thinker......Page 204
Did Pufendorf Influence Rousseau?......Page 205
Rousseau’s Writings on Political Economy......Page 206
Notes......Page 213
Introduction......Page 214
Sources......Page 215
The Influence of Physiocracy......Page 220
Notes......Page 221
PART VI:
Scottish followers of Pufendorf......Page 222
18. Gershom Carmichael brought Pufendorf to Scotland......Page 224
Why did Carmichael Select De Officio as a Textbook?......Page 225
Notes......Page 227
19. Francis Hutcheson a User of Pufendorf......Page 228
Moral Philosophy becomes Ethics, Government and Political Economy......Page 231
Hutcheson built on Pufendorf......Page 232
Hutcheson’s Influence......Page 237
Notes......Page 239
A Biographical Sketch......Page 241
Who Influenced Adam Smith?......Page 243
Pufendorf and Smith on Political Economy......Page 246
Theory of Human Behaviour......Page 247
Theory of Property and the Four-Stages Theory......Page 250
Theories of Value, Money and Trade......Page 253
Value and Money in Lectures on Jurisprudence......Page 254
Money and Value in The Wealth of Nations......Page 256
Foundation of States and Councils......Page 258
Division of Responsibility and Principles of Taxation......Page 260
Notes......Page 263
PART VII:
How Could Pufendorf Be Overlooked?......Page 266
The Bedevilled Historians of Philosophy......Page 268
The Bedevilled Historians of Economic Thought......Page 272
Notes......Page 273
Books Examining the Origin of Classical Economics......Page 274
The Wood Collections......Page 277
Note......Page 279
23. Pufendorf the Grandfather of Political Economy......Page 281
References......Page 284
Index......Page 307