Natural Gas at the Frontline Between the EU, Russia, and Turkey: A Conflict-Cooperation Perpetuum

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
	The Unsettled Puzzle: The EU, Russia and Turkey Between Political Foes and Energy Partners
	The Novelty: Introducing the Conflict-Cooperation Perpetuum and the Ontological Security Frameworks
	Methodology
	Outline of the Book
	The Way Forward: Future Research Avenues
	References
2 Energy as Security: Overcoming Theoretical and Conceptual Reductionism in Energy Studies
	Energy Relations from Cooperative Trade to Conflictual Geopolitics
	Theoretical Reductionism in Interpreting and Understanding Energy Relations in Europe
		Geopolitical Reductionism: Energy (Re)sources of Conflict
			The Energy Security Dilemma Bias
			The Asymmetric Interdependence Bias
			The Energy Weapon Bias
		Critical Reductionism: Construction and Securitisation of Energy in Europe
			Bridging Theories in Energy Studies: Social Constructivism and Neoclassical Realism
			Critical Security Literature and Securitisation Theory: A Confined Contribution to Energy Studies
	Conceptual Reductionism in Debating Conflict, Cooperation and Security in the Energy Field
		The Conflict-Cooperation Dichotomy Bias: Conflict and Cooperation as Binary, Opposing Concepts
		Conceptual Reductionism of Energy Security: The Material-Ideational Dichotomy Bias
	References
3 Ontological Energy Security: Cognitive and Material Foundations for a Conflict-Cooperation Perpetuum
	The Conflict-Cooperation Perpetuum: Conflict and Cooperation as Coexisting Instances
	Ontological Security: Cognitive Foundations of Conflict and Cooperation in the Energy Field
		Ontological Security: An Innovative Theoretical Framework for Energy Studies
		Ontological Security in IR: A Combined Material-Cognitive Framework of Understanding Energy Relations in Europe
	References
4 Natural Gas at the Frontline of the Energy Crisis and the War in Ukraine: A Material Perspective
	Natural Gas in 2020–2022: A Rollercoaster of Market Dynamics and Geopolitics
		The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the European Gas Dynamics: 2020—The Year of Extreme Optimism
		Natural Gas During the Energy Crisis and the War in Ukraine: 2021/2022—The Years of Low Supplies and High Anxieties
	Every Molecule Matters: The EU’s Alternatives to Russian Gas and the Future of Natural Gas in Europe
		Alternatives to Russian Gas: Energy Security as Energy Survival
		The Role of Natural Gas in Europe in 2022 and Beyond
	References
5 The EU’s Physical and Ontological Energy Security Quest: Between a Vulnerable Importer of Energy and an Assertive Exporter of Values
	The Post-Cold War Years: A New Energy and Geopolitical Balance Between the EU and Russia
	The 2006 and 2009 Gas Disputes Between Russia and Ukraine: An Energy Weapon Narrative in the Making
	The Russian Annexation of Crimea in 2014: A Geopolitical Turn for the EU
	The Energy Crisis and the War in Ukraine in 2021/2022: An Abrupt Conflict-Cooperation Perpetuum for the EU
	The EU Beyond Physical Insecurities of Supply: Fragile Internal Solidarity as Ontological Insecurity
	Ukraine: From an Avoided Transit Country to an Assertive Energy Exporter
	References
6 Russia’s Energy Policy and Strategy: From a Reliable Partner to an Unwanted Supplier
	The Russia–EU Energy Conflict-Cooperation Perpetuum: A Narrative of Physical and Ontological Dependency
		Russia Before 2022: From an Energy Superpower to a Reliable Supplier
		Russia Beyond 2022: From a Reliable to an Unwanted Energy Supplier
	The Russia-Turkey Conflict-Cooperation Perpetuum: Looking for Credibility and Respect
	References
7 Turkey’s Energy Strategy: In Search of an Upgraded Political and Energy Status
	Turkey Before 2022: From a Transit Country to an Energy Hub
	Turkey Beyond 2022: Between an Energy Producer and an Indispensable Peacemaker in the Black Sea Region
	References
Index