Natural fiber reinforced vinyl ester and vinyl polymer composites : development, characterization and applications

Front Cover......Page 1
Natural Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester and Vinyl Polymer Composites......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 16
1.1 Background......Page 20
1.2.1 Types of natural fibers......Page 21
1.2.2 Microstructure of natural fibers......Page 22
1.2.3.1 Hemp......Page 24
1.2.3.2 Ramie......Page 25
1.2.3.4 Kenaf......Page 26
1.2.3.5 Jute......Page 27
1.2.4.1 Biological retting......Page 28
1.2.4.3 Physical retting......Page 29
1.3 Surface modification of natural fibers......Page 30
1.4 Natural fiber composites......Page 32
1.4.2 Thermoplastic based composites......Page 33
1.4.3 Biodegradable polymer based composites......Page 34
1.5 Vinyl ester and vinyl polymer technology......Page 35
1.6 Application of various types of vinyl polymers......Page 36
1.6.1 Automotive applications......Page 37
1.6.2 Application in construction industry......Page 38
1.7 Natural fibers reinforced vinyl ester & vinyl polymer composite research......Page 39
References......Page 41
Further reading......Page 44
2.2 Natural fibers......Page 46
2.2.1 Chemical component of natural fibers......Page 49
2.2.2 Cellulose fiber......Page 51
2.2.3 Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fiber......Page 55
2.2.4 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fiber......Page 57
2.2.5 Jute......Page 58
2.2.6 Lignin based carbon fiber......Page 59
2.2.7 Silk fiber......Page 61
2.2.8 Coir fiber......Page 64
2.2.9 Bamboo fiber......Page 66
2.2.10 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fiber......Page 68
2.3.1 Vinyl polymers......Page 70
2.3.2.1 Short fiber reinforcement......Page 71
2.3.2.2 Long fiber reinforcement......Page 72
2.3.2.3 Hybrid composites......Page 73
References......Page 75
3.1 Introduction......Page 90
3.2 Importance of biocomposites......Page 91
3.3 Polyethylene role to biocomposites......Page 93
3.4.1 Extrusion......Page 95
3.4.2 Compression molding......Page 96
3.5.1.1 Tensile test......Page 97
3.5.1.3 Impact tests......Page 98
3.5.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry......Page 99
3.5.2.3 Dynamic mechanical analysis......Page 100
3.5.3.2 Scanning electron microscope......Page 101
3.5.5 X-ray diffraction......Page 102
3.6 Application of polyethylene biocomposites......Page 103
3.6.1 Structural application......Page 104
3.6.2 Packaging application......Page 105
3.6.3 Coating application......Page 106
3.6.4 Biomedical application......Page 107
3.6.5 Dental and medical application......Page 108
3.7 Conclusion......Page 109
References......Page 110
4.1 Introduction......Page 116
4.2 Overview of design of experiments technique......Page 118
4.3 Fundamental of Taguchi method......Page 119
4.4 Application of Taguchi method for vinyl-based polymer composites injected parts......Page 123
4.5 Summary......Page 125
References......Page 126
Further reading......Page 127
5.1 Introduction......Page 128
5.2.1 Mechanical properties of synthetic fiber pultruded composites......Page 130
5.2.2 Mechanical properties of natural fiber pultruded composites......Page 134
5.3 Pultruded composite applications......Page 135
5.4.2 Testing method......Page 136
5.4.3 Results and discussion......Page 137
5.4.4 SEM image of fracture specimen......Page 140
5.5 Conclusion......Page 143
References......Page 145
6.2 Betel nut husk fibers as reinforcement for composites......Page 148
6.2.1 BNH fiber processing......Page 150
6.2.2 Utilization of agricultural waste BNH fiber in polymer composites......Page 152
6.3.1 Effect of fiber maturity......Page 154
6.3.1.2 Water absorption......Page 155
6.3.2.1 Flexural properties......Page 157
6.3.2.2 Tensile properties......Page 158
6.3.2.3 Impact properties......Page 160
6.4.1.1 Density......Page 161
6.4.1.2 Water absorption......Page 162
6.4.2.1 Flexural properties......Page 164
6.4.2.2 Tensile properties......Page 165
6.4.2.3 Impact properties......Page 166
6.5 Thermal properties of BNH/vinyl ester composites......Page 167
6.5.1 Morphological properties of BNH reinforced VE composites......Page 169
6.6 Conclusion......Page 171
References......Page 172
7.1 Introduction......Page 176
7.2 Sugarcane bagasse and the development of its composites......Page 177
7.2.2 Bagasse-fiber reinforced polyester composites......Page 178
7.2.4 Bagasse reinforced polyethylene composites......Page 179
7.3.2 Benzoic acid treatment......Page 180
7.3.5 Mechanical testings......Page 181
7.3.6 Results and discussion......Page 182
References......Page 185
8.1 Introduction......Page 188
8.2.1 Composites......Page 190
8.2.2 Tensile and flexural set up......Page 191
8.2.3 Morphological set up......Page 192
8.3.1 Tensile......Page 193
8.3.2 Flexural......Page 195
8.3.3 Morphological analysis......Page 197
References......Page 198
9.1 Introduction......Page 200
9.2.1 Sample preparation of the composite......Page 201
9.3 Fabrication of the composite......Page 202
9.4.2 Flexural testing......Page 203
9.6.1 Effect of fiber length of mengkuang leaves fiber......Page 204
9.6.2 Effect of volume fraction of mengkuang leaves fiber......Page 208
9.6.3 Effect of treatment of coupling agent MAPE......Page 210
9.6.4 Fracture surface analysis......Page 212
9.7 Conclusion......Page 213
References......Page 214
10.1 Introduction......Page 216
10.2.1 Materials......Page 218
10.2.3 Characterizations......Page 219
10.3.1 Water absorption characteristics......Page 221
10.4.1 Impact strength......Page 223
10.4.2 Flexural properties......Page 224
10.4.3 Balanced mechanical properties......Page 225
References......Page 226
11.1 Introduction......Page 230
11.2 Biocomposites......Page 231
11.3 Sugar palm trees......Page 232
11.4 Physical, mechanical and chemical properties of sugar palm fibers......Page 233
11.6 Vinyl ester......Page 234
11.6.2 VE biocomposites......Page 237
11.7.1 Sugar palm single fiber properties......Page 239
Acknowledgements......Page 240
References......Page 241
12.1 Introduction......Page 244
12.2.3 Filler preparation......Page 246
12.2.6 Compression molding......Page 247
12.2.9 Water absorption test......Page 248
12.2.13 Differential scanning calorimetry......Page 249
12.3.1 Effect of taro powder filler loading on properties of recycled high density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/taro.........Page 250
12.3.2 Effect of high density polyethylene grafted glycolic acid (HDPE-g-GA) as compatibilizer on properties of recycled hi.........Page 256
12.4 Conclusion......Page 263
References......Page 264
Further reading......Page 266
13.1 Physical properties of poly vinyl butyral......Page 268
13.2 Preparation of kenaf fibers reinforced poly vinyl butyral composites and its hybrid......Page 269
13.3 Physical and mechanical properties of kenaf fibers reinforced poly vinyl butyral composites and its hybrid......Page 273
13.4 Ballistic properties of kenaf fibers reinforced poly vinyl butyral composites and its hybrid......Page 277
References......Page 281
14.1 Introduction......Page 284
14.2.3 Characterizations......Page 286
14.3.1 Processing characteristics......Page 287
14.3.2 Tensile properties......Page 289
14.3.3 Swelling behavior......Page 292
14.4.1 Thermogravimetric analysis......Page 294
14.4.2 Morphological properties......Page 296
References......Page 298
15.1 Introduction......Page 302
15.2.2.1 Tensile properties......Page 303
15.2.2.2 Thermooxidative ageing properties......Page 306
15.2.2.3 Thermal stability analysis......Page 309
15.3.2.1 Tensile properties......Page 312
15.3.2.2 Thermooxidative ageing properties......Page 314
15.3.2.3 Thermal stability analysis......Page 316
15.4.2.1 Tensile properties......Page 320
15.4.2.2 Thermooxidative ageing properties......Page 322
15.4.2.3 Thermal stability analysis......Page 324
15.5 Challenges......Page 326
15.6 Potentials and applications......Page 327
References......Page 328
Further reading......Page 331
16.1 Introduction......Page 332
16.2 Preparation and characterization of biodegradable polymer film composites based on polyvinyl alcohol and tropical frui.........Page 333
16.3 Tensile properties, water absorption and water vapor transmission of biodegradable polymer film composites based on po.........Page 339
16.4 Natural weathering and morphological properties of biodegradable polymer film composites based on polyvinyl alcohol an.........Page 343
16.5 Conclusion......Page 346
References......Page 348
17.1 Introduction......Page 352
17.2.1 Materials......Page 353
17.2.4 Processing and sample preparation......Page 354
17.2.6 FTIR spectroscopic analysis......Page 355
17.3.1 Torque development......Page 356
17.3.2 Tensile properties......Page 357
17.4 Morphological properties......Page 363
17.5 Conclusion......Page 364
References......Page 365
18.1 Introduction......Page 368
18.2 Electrical and electronics applications of vinyl polymer composites......Page 370
18.2.1 Energy storage elements......Page 371
18.2.2 Electric power cable insulators......Page 372
18.2.3 Robotics......Page 373
18.2.4 Polymer light–emitting diodes......Page 375
18.2.6 Schottky diodes......Page 376
18.2.7 Biomedical applications......Page 378
18.2.8 Biomechanical sensing......Page 379
18.2.9 Liquid crystal displays......Page 380
18.2.10 Other applications......Page 381
References......Page 382
Further reading......Page 386
Index......Page 388
Back Cover......Page 398