Natural Antimicrobial Agents

Plant Kingdom and Biodiversity: An Endless Source of Antimicrobials in Human and Plant Health......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Plants as a Source of Antibacterials (Human Health)......Page 13
 Abstract......Page 14
  1.1.2 Campylobacter Control......Page 15
  1.2.1 Methods for Identification of Antimicrobial resistance Activity......Page 17
  1.2.2 Anti-Campylobacter Activity of Isolated Plant Compounds......Page 19
 1.3 Resistance Modulators and Campylobacter Efflux Pump Inhibitors from Natural Sources......Page 23
  1.3.1 Methods for Screening of Resistance Modulators and Efflux Inhibitors......Page 24
  1.3.2 Natural Products as Campylobacter Resistance Modulators......Page 26
  1.4.1 Methods for Identification of Adhesion......Page 27
  1.4.2 Natural Products as Campylobacter Anti-adhesives......Page 28
 1.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products Against Campylobacter spp. in Food and Food Production......Page 31
 References......Page 36
 Abstract......Page 42
 2.1 Botany, Culture and Uses......Page 43
  2.2.2 Prenylated Phenolic Compounds......Page 45
  2.3.1 Antibacterial Activity......Page 48
  2.3.2 Antifungal Activity......Page 56
  2.3.3 Antiviral Activity......Page 58
 2.4 Safety and Bioavailability of Active Compounds......Page 59
 2.5 Industrial Applications......Page 60
 References......Page 61
 Abstract......Page 66
 3.2 In Vitro Studies......Page 67
  3.2.3 Choice of Microorganism......Page 68
   3.2.4.3 MIC, MBC......Page 69
   3.2.4.5 Bacterial Growth at Sub-inhibitory Concentrations......Page 71
   3.2.4.6 Post-antibiotic Effect......Page 74
   3.2.4.7 Synergy......Page 75
  3.3.1 Anti-biofilm Action......Page 77
  3.3.3 Anti-toxin Formation......Page 79
  3.5.1 Experimental Infections in Animals......Page 80
 References......Page 81
Natural Occurring Antifungal Natural Products (Plant Health)......Page 83
 Abstract......Page 84
 4.1 Introduction......Page 85
  4.2.1 Plant Collection......Page 87
   4.3.1.1 Poisoned Food Technique......Page 88
   4.3.1.3 Spore Germination Assay......Page 89
   4.3.2.1 Essential Oils Against Human Pathogenic Fungi......Page 90
   4.3.2.2 Essential Oils Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi......Page 91
  4.3.4 Synergism Between the Compounds of Essential Oils......Page 92
  4.3.5 Himalayan Essential Oils as Antifungal Agents......Page 93
 4.4 Conclusion......Page 100
 References......Page 101
 Abstract......Page 104
 5.2 Fusarium Species as Significant Plant Pathogens......Page 105
 5.3 The Fusarium Genus and Dangerous Secondary Metabolites......Page 106
 5.5 Essential Oils Definition and Common Composition......Page 107
 5.6 The Assessment of Essential Oils and Impact of Their Composition on the Antifungal Efficiency......Page 109
 References......Page 125
 Abstract......Page 130
  6.1.1 Historic of Induced Resistance......Page 131
  6.1.2 Categories of Elicitors......Page 132
  6.2.1 Living Microorganisms......Page 133
   6.2.2.1 Spermatophyte Plant Extracts......Page 137
   6.2.2.2 Algae Extracts......Page 139
   6.2.2.3 Food Industry by-Product Extracts......Page 140
   6.2.3.1 Chitosan......Page 141
   6.2.3.2 Lipopolysaccharides......Page 142
   6.2.3.3 Peptidoglycans......Page 143
   6.2.3.5 Exopolysaccharides......Page 144
   6.2.4.2 Harpins......Page 145
   6.2.4.3 Rhamnolipids......Page 146
   6.2.5.1 β-Aminobutyric Acid......Page 147
   6.2.5.2 Vitamins......Page 148
   6.2.5.5 Biochar......Page 149
   6.2.6.3 Silicon......Page 150
   6.2.6.6 Other Minerals and Ions......Page 151
 6.3 Market and Regulation......Page 152
 6.4 Future Challenges......Page 153
 6.5 Conclusion......Page 154
 References......Page 155
Antiparasitic Natural Products (Human Health)......Page 169
 Abstract......Page 170
  7.1.2 Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis......Page 171
  7.1.3 Methodology......Page 172
  7.2.1 Leishmaniasis......Page 173
   7.2.2.1 Sleeping Sickness......Page 175
   7.2.2.2 Chagas Disease......Page 176
  7.3.1 Chalcones and Dihydrochalcones......Page 178
  7.3.3 Flavonols......Page 182
  7.3.4 Biflavones......Page 184
  7.3.5 Miscellaneous......Page 185
 7.4 Anti-Trypanosoma brucei Activity of Flavonoids......Page 186
  7.4.2 Chalcones and Dihydrochalcones......Page 187
  7.4.3 Flavones......Page 190
  7.4.5 Miscellaneous......Page 191
  7.5.1 Flavan-3-Ols......Page 192
  7.5.2 Chalcones......Page 194
  7.5.4 Miscellaneous......Page 195
 References......Page 196
 8.1 Introduction......Page 202
  8.2.2 Pathogenesis......Page 203
  8.2.3 Clinical Presentation......Page 204
  8.2.5 Current Drugs Used in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis......Page 205
 8.3 IN VIVO Antileishmanial Potential of Natural Products from Plants......Page 208
 8.4 Conclusion......Page 218
 References......Page 219
 9.1 Introduction......Page 222
  9.2.1 Main Parasitic Diseases......Page 223
  9.2.2 Burden of Parasitic Diseases......Page 227
  9.3.1 Importance of Natural Products in Drug Discovery......Page 228
  9.3.2 Approved Natural Products as Antiparasitic Drugs......Page 229
  9.3.4 Need for New Antiparasitic Compounds......Page 239
  9.4.1 Repurposing of Existing Drugs......Page 240
  9.4.2 De Novo Discovery of Antiparasitic Drugs......Page 241
  9.4.3 First Step in Evaluating Antiparasitic Activity......Page 243
  9.4.4 Alternative Use of Natural Products......Page 244
  9.5.1 Natural Product Chemistry for Drug Discovery......Page 245
  9.5.2 Ethical and Legal Constraints in Natural Drug Discovery......Page 246
 9.6 Conclusion......Page 247
 References......Page 248
 Abstract......Page 253
 10.1 Introduction......Page 254
 10.3 Sesquiterpenes......Page 255
 10.4 Diterpenes......Page 257
 10.5 Triterpenes......Page 260
 10.6 Discussion......Page 264
 10.7 In Vivo Activities......Page 269
 References......Page 270
Antiviral Natural Products (Human Health)......Page 275
 11.1 Introduction......Page 276
  11.3.1 Antiviral Activity......Page 278
  11.3.2 Antibacterial and Antifungal Capacities......Page 281
 References......Page 289
 12.1 Introduction......Page 294
   12.2.1.1 Lignans and Flavanolignans......Page 299
   12.2.1.2 Tannins......Page 301
   12.2.1.3 Flavonoïds......Page 304
   12.2.1.6 Diarylheptanoids......Page 306
   12.2.2.1 Monoterpenes......Page 307
   12.2.2.5 Triterpenoids......Page 308
   12.2.2.6 Saponins......Page 309
  12.2.4 Porphyrins......Page 310
  12.2.5 Crude Plant Extracts......Page 311
 12.4 In Silico Studies......Page 312
 12.5 Conclusions......Page 323
 References......Page 324
Index......Page 333