National Law in WTO Law: Effectiveness and Good Governance in the World Trading System

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 16
Table of GATT cases......Page 19
Table of WTO cases......Page 23
Table of other cases......Page 40
1 The WTO and its coverage......Page 45
2 Aims, objects and relevance of the study......Page 48
3 Organization of the study......Page 55
4 Organizing principles: effectiveness and good governance......Page 57
4.2 Evaluative function of effectiveness......Page 60
4.3 Constitutive function of good governance......Page 61
4.4 Evaluative function of good governance......Page 62
5 Related issues......Page 63
5.1 The exhaustion of local remedies rule......Page 64
5.2 General principles of national law as a source of international and WTO law......Page 67
Part I......Page 71
1 Introduction: dualism and monism......Page 73
2.1 National laws cannot be relied upon to avoid international obligations......Page 77
2.2 Is there a duty to ensure conformity of national laws with international obligations?......Page 79
2.3 Can national legislation by itself violate international obligations?......Page 81
3 National laws as facts......Page 85
1 Introduction......Page 87
2 Substantive obligations and national law......Page 88
3.1 Background......Page 96
3.2 Obligations to ensure conformity of national laws with the WTO agreements......Page 99
3.2.1 Article XVI:4 vis-à-vis general public international law......Page 101
3.2.2 Article XVI:4 vis-à-vis national laws of Members......Page 104
3.3 Implementation at sub-national levels......Page 106
4 Obligations on transparency......Page 112
4.1 Publication and notification of national laws......Page 114
4.2 The Trade Policy Review Mechanism......Page 117
5 Obligations regarding administration of national laws......Page 119
6 Obligations to make available under national law specified procedures and remedies......Page 123
6.1 Review procedures......Page 124
6.2 Enforcement procedures......Page 125
7 Concluding remarks......Page 127
1 Introduction......Page 130
2.1 The DSU, the dispute settlement organs and the key procedures......Page 133
2.2 Coverage of the mechanism......Page 135
2.3 Applicable law......Page 136
2.4 Rules of treaty interpretation......Page 141
3.1 Causes of action......Page 142
3.2 What can be challenged......Page 144
3.3 Terms of reference of panels......Page 146
3.4 Functions of panels......Page 148
4 Appellate jurisdiction......Page 149
5.1 Background......Page 151
5.2 Remedies......Page 153
5.3 Enforcement mechanism......Page 156
6 Concluding remarks......Page 160
Part II......Page 163
1 Introduction......Page 165
2 Characterization in private international law......Page 169
3 Characterization in public international law......Page 172
4.1 Extra/intra-regime characterization......Page 175
4.2 Intra-regime characterization......Page 178
4.3 Provision-specific characterization......Page 181
5 Concluding remarks: is there any scope for cross-fertilization?......Page 184
1 Introduction......Page 188
1.1 Scope of the chapter......Page 189
1.2 Effectiveness and good governance......Page 191
1.3 The wider international legal context......Page 194
2 Textual framework......Page 197
3 Definitional, terminological and thematical issues......Page 201
3.1 Standard of review, deference and margin of appreciation......Page 202
3.2 Proportionality?......Page 212
3.3 Subsidiarity?......Page 217
4 Standard of review and treaty interpretation......Page 219
5.1 In general......Page 227
5.2 Factors that have bearings on the standard of review......Page 235
5.2.1 Type of the measure......Page 236
5.2.2 Substantive provisions......Page 239
5.2.3 The area in which the contested measure falls......Page 240
5.2.4 Underlying facts and the nature of the evidence......Page 241
6 Future perspective......Page 242
6.1 Evolution and politicization of standard of review......Page 243
6.2 Looking forwards......Page 246
1 Introduction......Page 251
2 Proof of national law......Page 254
3.1 In general......Page 257
3.2 Methodological issues......Page 261
3.3 Evaluation of various elements of national law......Page 265
3.3.1 Text / statutory language......Page 266
3.3.2 Judicial decisions......Page 267
3.3.3 Legislative history......Page 269
3.3.4 Intention or object and purpose of the law......Page 270
3.3.6 Administrative criteria and practice......Page 275
3.3.7 Statements/representations made before panels......Page 279
4 Appellate review of panels’ findings regarding the interpretation/meaning of national law......Page 283
5 Concluding remarks......Page 286
1 Introduction......Page 288
2 The distinction under the GATT 1947......Page 289
3 The distinction vis-à-vis international law in general......Page 293
4.1 General remarks......Page 295
4.2 The jurisprudence......Page 297
5 Justifications for treating some discretionary laws as WTO-inconsistent......Page 304
6 Implications of bringing discretionary laws under WTO discipline......Page 306
6.1 ‘‘The sovereignty debate”......Page 307
6.4 Distinguishing between different kinds of discretionary legislation......Page 308
7.3 Non-statutory elements......Page 310
7.4 Mootness......Page 311
8 Concluding remarks......Page 312
9 Conclusion......Page 314
References......Page 330
Index......Page 353