Nanowire Energy Storage Devices: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications

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Nanowire Energy Storage Devices: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications
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Contents
Preface
1. Nanowire Energy Storage Devices: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 One‐Dimensional Nanomaterials
			1.1.1.1 Nanorods
			1.1.1.2 Carbon Nanofibers
			1.1.1.3 Nanotubes
			1.1.1.4 Nanobelts
			1.1.1.5 Nanocables
		1.1.2 Energy Storage Science and Technology
			1.1.2.1 Mechanical Energy Storage
			1.1.2.2 Electromagnetic Energy Storage
			1.1.2.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage
		1.1.3 Overview of Nanowire Energy Storage Materials and Devices
			1.1.3.1 Si Nanowires
			1.1.3.2 ZnO Nanowires
			1.1.3.3 Single Nanowire Electrochemical Energy Storage Device
	References
2. Fundamentals of Nanowire Energy Storage
	2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Nanowires
		2.1.1 Electronic Structure
		2.1.2 Thermal Properties
			2.1.2.1 Melting Point
			2.1.2.2 Thermal Conduction
		2.1.3 Mechanical Properties
		2.1.4 Adsorption and Surface Activity
			2.1.4.1 Adsorption
			2.1.4.2 Surface Activity
	2.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Nanowires Electrode Materials
		2.2.1 Thermodynamics
		2.2.2 Kinetics
	2.3 Basic Performance Parameters of Nanowires Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
		2.3.1 Electromotive Force
		2.3.2 Operating Voltage
		2.3.3 Capacity and Specific Capacity
		2.3.4 Energy and Specific Energy
		2.3.5 Current Density and Charge–Discharge Rate
		2.3.6 Power and Specific Power
		2.3.7 Coulombic Efficiency
		2.3.8 Cycle Life
	2.4 Interfacial Properties of Nanowires Electrode Materials
		2.4.1 Interface Between Nanowire Electrode Materials and Electrolytes
		2.4.2 Heterogeneous Interfaces in Nanowire Electrode Materials
	2.5 Optimization Mechanism of Electrochemical Properties of Nanowires Electrode Materials
		2.5.1 Mechanism of Electron/Ion Bicontinuous Transport
		2.5.2 Self‐Buffering Mechanism
	2.6 Theoretical Calculation of Nanowires Electrode Materials
	2.7 Summary and Outlook
	References
3. Design and Synthesis of Nanowires
	3.1 Conventional Nanowires
		3.1.1 Wet Chemical Methods
			3.1.1.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
			3.1.1.2 Sol–Gel Method
			3.1.1.3 Coprecipitation Method
			3.1.1.4 Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method
			3.1.1.5 Electrospinning Method
		3.1.2 Dry Chemical Method
			3.1.2.1 High‐Temperature Solid‐State Method
			3.1.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
		3.1.3 Physical Method
	3.2 Porous Nanowires
		3.2.1 Template Method
			3.2.1.1 Template by Nanoconfinement
			3.2.1.2 Template by Orientation Induction
		3.2.2 Self‐Assembly Method
		3.2.3 Chemical Etching Method
	3.3 Hierarchical Nanowires
		3.3.1 Self‐Assembly Method
		3.3.2 Secondary Nucleation Growth Method
	3.4 Heterogeneous Nanowires
		3.4.1 Heterogeneous Nucleation
		3.4.2 Secondary Modification
	3.5 Hollow Nanowires
		3.5.1 Wet Chemical Method
		3.5.2 Template Method
		3.5.3 Gradient Electrospinning
	3.6 Nanowire Arrays
		3.6.1 Template Method
		3.6.2 Wet Chemical Method
		3.6.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
	3.7 Summary and Outlook
	References
4. Nanowires for In Situ Characterization
	4.1 In Situ Electron Microscopy Characterization
		4.1.1 In Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Characterization
		4.1.2 In Situ Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Characterization
	4.2 In Situ Spectroscopy Characterization
		4.2.1 In Situ X‐ray Diffraction
		4.2.2 In Situ Raman Spectroscopy
		4.2.3 In Situ X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
		4.2.4 In Situ XAS Characterization
	4.3 In Situ Characterization of Nanowire Devices
		4.3.1 Nanowire Device
		4.3.2 Nanowire Device Characterization Example
	4.4 Other In Situ Characterization
		4.4.1 In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Characterization
		4.4.2 In Situ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
		4.4.3 In Situ Neutron Diffraction
		4.4.4 In Situ Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
	4.5 Summary and Outlook
	References
5. Nanowires for Lithium‐ion Batteries
	5.1 Electrochemistry, Advantages, and Issues of LIBs Batteries
		5.1.1 History of Lithium‐ion Batteries
		5.1.2 Electrochemistry of Lithium‐ion Batteries
			5.1.2.1 Theoretical Operation Potential
			5.1.2.2 Theoretical Specific Capacity of Electrode Materials and Cells
			5.1.2.3 Theoretical Specific Energy Density of an Electrochemical Cell
		5.1.3 Key Materials for Lithium‐ion Batteries
			5.1.3.1 Cathode
			5.1.3.2 Anode
			5.1.3.3 Electrolyte
			5.1.3.4 Separator
		5.1.4 Advantages and Issues of Lithium‐ion Batteries
	5.2 Unique Characteristic of Nanowires for LIBs
		5.2.1 Enhancing the Diffusion Dynamics of Carriers
		5.2.2 Enhancing Structural Stability of Materials
		5.2.3 Befitting the In Situ Characterization of Electrochemical Process
		5.2.4 Enabling the Construction of Flexible Devices
	5.3 Nanowires as Anodes in LIBs
		5.3.1 Alloy‐Type Anode Materials (Si, Ge, and Sn)
			5.3.1.1 Lithium Storage in Si Nanowires
			5.3.1.2 Lithium Storage in Ge Nanowires
			5.3.1.3 Lithium Storage in Sn Nanowires
		5.3.2 Metal Oxide Nanowires
		5.3.3 Carbonaceous Anode Materials
	5.4 Nanowires as Cathodes in LIBs
		5.4.1 Transition Metal Oxides
		5.4.2 Vanadium Oxide Nanowires
		5.4.3 Iron Compounds Including Oxides and Phosphates
	5.5 Nanowires‐Based Separators in LIBs
	5.6 Nanowires‐Based Solid‐State Electrolytes in LIBs
	5.7 Nanowires‐Based Electrodes for Flexible LIBs
	5.8 Summary and Outlook
	References
6. Nanowires for Sodium‐ion Batteries
	6.1 Advantages and Challenges of Sodium‐ion Batteries
		6.1.1 Development of Sodium‐ion Batteries
		6.1.2 Characteristic of Sodium‐ion Batteries
			6.1.2.1 The Working Principle of Sodium‐ion Battery
			6.1.2.2 Advantages of Sodium‐ion Batteries
		6.1.3 Key Materials for Sodium‐ion Batteries
			6.1.3.1 Cathode
			6.1.3.2 Anode
			6.1.3.3 Electrolyte
			6.1.3.4 Separator
		6.1.4 Challenges for Sodium‐ion Batteries
	6.2 Nanowires as Cathodes in Sodium‐ion Batteries
		6.2.1 Layered Oxide Nanowires
		6.2.2 Tunnel‐type Oxide Nanowires
		6.2.3 Polyanionic Compound Nanowires
	6.3 Nanowires as Anodes in Sodium‐ion Batteries
		6.3.1 Carbonaceous Materials and Polyanionic Compounds
			6.3.1.1 Graphitized Carbon Materials
			6.3.1.2 Amorphous Carbon Materials
			6.3.1.3 Carbon Nanomaterials
		6.3.2 Polyanionic Compounds
		6.3.3 Metals and Metal Oxides
			6.3.3.1 Metal Nanowires
			6.3.3.1 Sn Nanowires
			6.3.3.1 Sb Nanowires
			6.3.3.2 Transition Metal Oxide Nanowires
		6.3.4 Metal Sulfides
			6.3.4.1 Molybdenum Sulfide and Its Composites
			6.3.4.2 Tungsten Sulfide and Its Composites
			6.3.4.3 Stannic Sulfide and Its Composites
			6.3.4.4 Nickel Sulfide, Ferrous Sulfide and Their Composites
	6.4 Summary
	References
7. Application of Nanowire Materials in Metal‐Chalcogenide Battery
	7.1 Lithium–Sulfur Battery
		7.1.1 Sulfur–Carbon Nanowire Composite Cathode Materials
		7.1.2 Conductive Polymer Nanowire/Sulfur Composite Cathode Materials
		7.1.3 Metal Compound Nanowires/Sulfur Composite Cathode Materials
	7.2 Sodium–Sulfur Battery and Magnesium–Sulfur Battery
		7.2.1 Sodium–Sulfur Battery
		7.2.2 Magnesium–Sulfur Battery
	7.3 Lithium–Selenium Battery
		7.3.1 Reaction Mechanism of Lithium–Selenium Battery
		7.3.2 Selenium‐Based Cathode Materials
		7.3.3 Existing Problems and Possible Solutions
	7.4 Summary and Outlook
	References
8. Application of Nanowires in Supercapacitors
	8.1 Nanowire Electrode Material for Electrochemical Double‐Layer Capacitor
		8.1.1 The Application of Carbon Nanotubes in EDLCs
		8.1.2 The Application of Carbon Nanofibers in EDLCs
	8.2 Nanowire Electrode Materials for Pseudocapacitive Supercapacitors
		8.2.1 Metal Oxide Nanowire Electrode Materials
		8.2.2 Conducting Polymer Nanowire Electrode Materials
	8.3 Nanowire Electrode Materials of Hybrid Supercapacitors
		8.3.1 Hybrid Supercapacitor Based on Aqueous Electrolyte
			8.3.1.1 Carbon/Metal Oxide
			8.3.1.2 Carbon/Conductive Nanowire Polymer
		8.3.2 Other Electrolyte System Hybrid Supercapacitors
			8.3.2.1 Organic Electrolyte System
			8.3.2.2 Redox‐Active Electrolyte System
		8.3.3 Solid Electrolyte or Quasi‐Solid‐State Hybrid Supercapacitor
	8.4 Summary and Outlook
	References
9. Nanowires for Multivalent‐ion Batteries
	9.1 Nanowires for Magnesium‐Ion Battery
		9.1.1 Vanadium‐Based Nanowires for MIBs
		9.1.2 Manganese‐Based Nanowires for MIBs
		9.1.3 Other Nanowires for MIBs
	9.2 Nanowires for Calcium‐Ion Batteries
	9.3 Nanowires for Zinc‐Ion Batteries
		9.3.1 Vanadium‐Based Nanowires for ZIBs
		9.3.2 Manganese‐Based Nanowires for ZIBs
	9.4 Nanowires for Aluminum Ion Batteries
	9.5 Summary and Outlook
	References
10. Conclusion and Outlook
	10.1 Structure Design and Performance Optimization of 1D Nanomaterials
	10.2 Advanced Characterization Methods for 1D Nanomaterials
	10.3 Applications and Challenges of Nanowire Energy Storage Devices
		10.3.1 Application of Nanowire Structures in Lithium‐ion Batteries
		10.3.2 Applications of Nanowire Structures in Na‐ion Battery
		10.3.3 Applications of Nanowire Structures in Other Monovalent‐ion Batteries
		10.3.4 Application of Nanowires in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
		10.3.5 Application of 1D Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors
		10.3.6 Nanowires for Other Energy Storage Devices
			10.3.6.1 Metal Air Batteries
			10.3.6.2 Multivalent‐ion Battery
			10.3.6.3 Metal Sulfur Batteries
	References
Index