Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development and Constraints
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Nanoparticles, an Alternative Approach to Conventional Vaccines
	1.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccine Delivery Vehicle
	1.4 Nanotechnology to Tackle the Challenges of Vaccine Delivery
		1.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		1.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		1.4.3 Biomolecular Nanoparticles
		1.4.4 Liposome
		1.4.5 Virus-Like Particles
		1.4.6 Micelles
		1.4.7 Immunostimulating Complexes
		1.4.8 Self-Assembled Proteins (SAPNs)
		1.4.9 Emulsions
	1.5 Constraints and Challenges of Nanovaccines
	1.6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
2 Nanomedicine and Nanovaccinology Tools in Targeted Drug Delivery
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Tools
		2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		2.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		2.2.3 Dendrimers
		2.2.4 Liposomes
		2.2.5 Micelles
		2.2.6 Emulsions
		2.2.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		2.2.8 Self-Assembled Proteins
		2.2.9 Immunostimulating Complexes
		2.2.10 Virus-Like Particles
	2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Applications
		2.3.1 Cancer
		2.3.2 Neurology
		2.3.3 Cardiology
		2.3.4 Ophthalmology
		2.3.5 Pulmonology
		2.3.6 Tissue Engineering
		2.3.7 Viral Infections
		2.3.8 Other Miscellaneous Types
	2.4 Commercial Nanodelivery Tools
		2.4.1 Industrial Manufacturing
		2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		2.4.3 Risks and Challenges
	2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
3 Nanovaccinology and Superbugs
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Need for Nanovaccines
	3.3 Types of Nanovaccines
		3.3.1 Subunit Vaccines
		3.3.2 Conjugate Vaccines
		3.3.3 RNA Vaccines
		3.3.4 Reverse Vaccinology
		3.3.5 Biomimetic Nanovaccines
			3.3.5.1 Biomimetic Membranes
			3.3.5.2 Outer Membrane Vesicle Nanoparticles
		3.3.6 Nanotoxoids
		3.3.7 Liposomes
		3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		3.3.9 Virus-Like Particle
		3.3.10 Inorganic Nanoparticles
	3.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanovaccines
	3.5 Limitations of Nanovaccines
	3.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
4 Current Research Trends on SARS-CoV2 Virus Against Nanovaccine Formulation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 COVID-19/SARS-CoV2 Pathophysiology
	4.3 Development of Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV2
	4.4 Biomimetic Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV2
		4.4.1 Virus-Like Particles
		4.4.2 Nucleic Acids Vaccines
		4.4.3 Protein Vaccines
	4.5 Translatable Subunit Nanovaccine Against SARS-CoV2
	4.6 Separable Microneedle Patch Nanovaccine
	4.7 Polymer-Based Nanovaccines
	4.8 Pharmaceutical Challenges of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines
	4.9 Future Prospects of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines
	4.10 Challenges and Limitations
	4.11 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
5 Nanovaccinology Against Infectious Disease
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nanovaccinology Against Bacterial Disease
	5.3 Nanovaccinology Against Viral Disease
	5.4 Nanovaccinology Against Cancer
	5.5 Nanovaccinology Against Parasite-Born Disease
	5.6 Nanovaccinology Against Autoimmune Disorders
	5.7 Conclusion and Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 Preclinical and Commercial Trials of Cancer Diagnosis via Nano-Imaging and Nanovaccinology
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Role of Nano-Imaging in Cancer Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment
		6.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles
		6.2.2 Quantum Dots
		6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
		6.2.4 Nanowires
		6.2.5 Cantilevers and Nanopores
		6.2.6 Other Types of Nanoparticles
	6.3 Challenges in the Translation of Nanotechnology-Based Imaging Methods Into Clinical Application
	6.4 Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy
		6.4.1 Composition of Nanovaccines in Cancer Therapy
			6.4.1.1 Antigens
			6.4.1.2 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants
			6.4.1.3 Nanocarriers
	6.5 Functionalities of Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Cancer Vaccines
		6.5.1 Efficient Delivery of Vaccines by Nanocarriers
		6.5.2 Co-Delivery of Antigens and Adjuvants via Nanocarriers
		6.5.3 Nanocarriers Potentiate Immunomodulation Through Multivalent Antigens and/or Adjuvants
		6.5.4 Self-Adjuvanted Nanocarriers
	6.6 Nanovaccine Strategies in Cancer
		6.6.1 STING Agonist-Based Nanovaccines
		6.6.2 Neoantigen Nanovaccines
		6.6.3 mRNA-Based Nanovaccines
		6.6.4 aAPCs
		6.6.5 Nanovaccines for Combination Therapy
	6.7 Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Applications of Nanoimaging and Nanovaccinology in Cancer
	6.8 Recent Developments in the Trials of Nanovaccinology in Cancer
	6.9 Perspectives and Future Directions
	6.10 Conclusions
	References
7 Biomedical and Electronic Tune-Ups of 2C4NA Nanocrystalline Sample
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Computational, Tribological, Fluorescence, and Influx Study
	7.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study, Anticancer Study, and Anti-Inflammatory Study
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
8 Biological, Electronic-Filter, Influx and Theoretical Practicalities of 2-Chloro6-Nitroaniline (2C6NA) Crystals for Biomedical and Microelectronics Tasks
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Computational and Influx
	8.3 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiabetic, DPPH, FRAP, Anticancer
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9 Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidant, Computational, Filter, and Tribological Characterizations of Bis Glycine Lithium Bromide Monohydra (32 nm) Scaled Crystals
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Experimental
		9.2.1 Synthesis
	9.3 Results and Discussions
		9.3.1 Single Crystalline XRD (SXRD) Study and Powder XRD (PXRD) Studies
		9.3.2 Fluorescence (FL) Study for 32-nm Scale
		9.3.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study and Influx Study
		9.3.4 AO-DPPH, FRAP of Antioxidant Activity
		9.3.5 Tribology—Load Capacity by the Compressive Strength Model of the Polymeric Bearings, Software-Based Thermal Ellipsoidal Plot
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10 Device Utility, Energy, and Bioutility of N2MNM4MBH Macro, Nano Models
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Synthesis and XRD
	10.3 Influx
	10.4 Computational
		10.4.1 Antidiabetic Study
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Biocurative, Tribological, Electro-Functionalities of ZnOMIZN Nanoparticles
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Antibacterial Activity
	11.3 XRD and Magnetic Effect
	11.4 Tribological Data for Nano Sample Coatings of ZnO-MIZN
	11.5 Filter Utility
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12 Nanotubular Device Effect, Super Cell Effectiveness, Hirshfeld Energy Analysis and Biomedicinal Efficacy of 2-Fluoro5-Nitro-Aniline (2F5NA) Crystals
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 XRD and Computational
	12.3 Bioutility
		12.3.1 Antibacterial of 2F5NA Crystals
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Nano, Peptide Link, Pharma Impact and Electron Density of AMPHB Macro, Nano Crystalline Samples
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Characterizations
		13.2.1 XRD and Computational Impactness
		13.2.2 Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and AntiFungal (AF) Effect of AMPHB Macro and Nano Crystals
	13.3 Conclusion
	References
14 Super Lattice, Computational Interactions and Bio-Uses of CPDMDP Crystals
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Computational
	14.3 Synthesis
	14.4 XRD
	14.5 Influx of CPDMDP of Both Scales
	14.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Macro, Nano CPDMDP Crystals
	14.7 Antioxidant Activity
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
15 Biological Effect Nanotubular, Vanderwall’s Impact, of 4-Methyl-2Nitroaniline (4M2NA) Nanocrystals
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 XRD and Computational Data
	15.3 Biological Activity: Antidiabetic (AD), AntiInflammatory (AI), and Antifungal (AF) Effect
	15.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Aspects
	References
16 Biomedical, Tribological, and Electronic Functionalities of Silver Nanoparticles
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Tribological Data
	16.3 Influx
	16.4 HeLa Cell Line, Bacterial and Fungal Utility
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
17 Commercialization of Nanovaccines: Utopia or a Reality?
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Development of Nanovaccines
	17.3 Novel Adjuvants and Delivery System for Nanovaccines
	17.4 Success Story
	17.5 Nanovaccines in Human Health
	17.6 Nanovaccines in Animal Health
	17.7 Constraints in the Development and Application
	17.8 Issues Related to Product Application
	17.9 Characteristics of Nanoparticles Applicable to Public Health
	17.10 Conclusion
	References
18 Functionalization of Nanobiomaterials in Nanovaccinology
	Abbreviations
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Characteristics of Functionalized Bionanoparticles
	18.3 Functionalization of NPs
		18.3.1 Functionalization With Different Ligands
		18.3.2 Polymer Functionalized NPs
	18.4 Nanomaterials for Vaccine Synthesis
		18.4.1 Gold NPS
		18.4.2 Silica NPs
		18.4.3 Calcium NPs
		18.4.4 Polymeric NPs
		18.4.5 Inorganic Magnetic NPs
		18.4.6 Chitosan NPs
		18.4.7 Liposomal NPs
	18.5 Role of the Surface of NPs on Vaccine Development
	18.6 Nanovaccines: Routes of Administration
		18.6.1 Intradermal Routes
		18.6.2 Intramuscular Routes
		18.6.3 Subcutaneous Routes
		18.6.4 Oral Routes
		18.6.5 Nasal Routes
		18.6.6 Tropical Routes
		18.6.7 Ocular Routes
	18.7 Nanovaccines for Different Applications
		18.7.1 Nanovaccines Against Bacteria
		18.7.2 Nanovaccines Against Pathogens
		18.7.3 Nanovaccines Against Viruses
		18.7.4 Nanovaccines Against Parasites
		18.7.5 Nanovaccines Against Cancer
	18.8 Emulsions
	18.9 Nanogels
	18.10 Virus-Like Particles (VLP)
	18.11 Applications of Novel Nanovaccines
	18.12 Applications of Functionalized Nanovaccines
		18.12.1 For Cancer Therapy
		18.12.2 Against Different Infectious Diseases
	18.13 Pros and Cons of Using Vaccines
		18.13.1 Toxicity of NPs
	18.14 Future Aspects
	18.15 Conclusions
	References
19 Oral Nanovaccines Delivery for Clinical Trials and Commercialization
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Barriers to Oral Vaccines
	19.3 Evolution of Oral Nanovaccines
	19.4 Oral Delivery of Nanovaccines
	19.5 Immune Response to Oral Nanovaccines
	19.6 Oral Nanovaccines Carriers
		19.6.1 Natural Nanovaccine Carriers
		19.6.2 Synthetic Nanovaccine Carriers
	19.7 Formulation Strategies and Characterization of Oral Nanovaccines
	19.8 Regulations and Challenges for Oral Nanovaccines Delivery
	19.9 Future Perspectives
	19.10 Conclusion
	References
Index
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