Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology Vol. 2 (Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, 67)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Nanosensors Applications in Food, Medicine, Agriculture and Nanotoxicology
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Nanosensors Applications
		1.2.1 Nanosensors in Food
			1.2.1.1 Food Packaging
			1.2.1.2 Food Processing
			1.2.1.3 Food Quality and Safety
		1.2.2 Nanosensors in Medicine
			1.2.2.1 Monitoring Glucose in Diabetes
			1.2.2.2 Asthama Detection
			1.2.2.3 Cancer Detection and Drug Delivery
			1.2.2.4 Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease Detection
		1.2.3 Nanosensors/Nanoparticles in Agriculture
			1.2.3.1 Nanofertilizers
			1.2.3.2 Crop Protection
	1.3 Nanotoxicology
		1.3.1 Routes of Exposure in the Aquatic Environment
		1.3.2 Toxicity of Nanoparticles to Organs
			1.3.2.1 Respiratory System
			1.3.2.2 Gastrointestinal System
			1.3.2.3 Cardiovascular System
			1.3.2.4 Central Nervous System
			1.3.2.5 Skin
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Nanosensors for the Detection of Chemical Food Adulterants
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Food Adulterants
		2.2.1 Food Preservatives
			2.2.1.1 Hydrogen Peroxide
			2.2.1.2 Benzoic Acid
			2.2.1.3 Boric Acid
			2.2.1.4 Sodium Carbonate/Bicarbonate
			2.2.1.5 Formaldehyde/Formalin
		2.2.2 Melamine
		2.2.3 Antibiotics
		2.2.4 Urea
		2.2.5 Synthetic Food Dyes
		2.2.6 Dioxins
		2.2.7 Glucose and Sucrose
		2.2.8 Nitrate and Nitrite
		2.2.9 Soaps and Detergents
		2.2.10 Olive Oil
		2.2.11 Starch, Cereal Flours and Maltodextrin
		2.2.12 Sweeteners
	2.3 Nanosensors for Detection of Adulterants
		2.3.1 Nanosensors for Food Preservatives
			2.3.1.1 Hydrogen Peroxide
			2.3.1.2 Benzoic Acid
			2.3.1.3 Boric Acid
			2.3.1.4 Formaldehyde/Formalin
		2.3.2 Nanosensors for Melamine
		2.3.3 Nanosensors for Antibiotics
		2.3.4 Nanosensors for Urea
		2.3.5 Nanosensors for Synthetic Food Dyes
		2.3.6 Nanosensorsfor Dioxins
		2.3.7 Nanosensors for Glucose
		2.3.8 Nanosensors for Nitrite
		2.3.9 Nanosensors for Detergents
		2.3.10 Nanosensors for Olive Oil
		2.3.11 Nanosensors for Sweeteners
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Metal Oxides and Biopolymer/Metal Oxides Bionanocomposites as Green Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Ions Removal
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Toxicity, Sources, and Consequence of Heavy Metal Ions on the Human Body
	3.3 Detoxification Methods and Used Materials
	3.4 Methods of Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.4.1 Liquid-Solid
			3.4.1.1 Co-precipitation
			3.4.1.2 Sol-Gel
			3.4.1.3 Microemulsion
			3.4.1.4 Solvothermal
		3.4.2 Gas-Solid
			3.4.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
			3.4.2.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition
	3.5 Application of Metal Oxides in the Elimination of Heavy Metal Ions
		3.5.1 Iron Oxide Nanostructures
		3.5.2 Titanium Oxide Nanostructures
		3.5.3 Manganese Oxide Nanostructures
		3.5.4 Tin Oxide Nanostructures
		3.5.5 Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
	3.6 Application of Polymer/Metal Oxide NCs in the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
		3.6.1 Polymer/Iron Oxide NCs
		3.6.2 Polymer/Silicon Oxide NCs
		3.6.3 Polymer/Titanium Oxide NCs
		3.6.4 Polymer/Manganese Oxide Nanocomposites
	3.7 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
Chapter 4: Impact of Nanomaterials on the Food Chain
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Current Scenario of Nanotechnology in Food Market
	4.3 Nanomaterials and Food Chain
	4.4 Applications of Nanotechnology in Foods: Overview of Potential Benefits and Risks
		4.4.1 Risks
	4.5 Risk Assessment and Toxicological Effects of Nanomaterials Related to Public Health and Public Perception
	4.6 Trends in Nanotechnology to Enhance Biopackaged Food, Food Quality and Safety
	4.7 Intentional and Incidental Use of Nanomaterials in Food Industry
	4.8 Experimental Strategies for Analysis of Nanomaterials in Complex Biological Matrices of Food Chain
	4.9 Identification of Link of Nanomaterials in Food Chain
	4.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Phytotoxic Impact of Nanomaterials for Nanosafety
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Impacts of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Plants
	5.3 Impacts of Metal-Based Nanomaterials on Plants
	5.4 Impacts of Nanofertilizers on Plants
	5.5 Mechanism of Nanomaterials Toxicity to Plants
	5.6 Nanomaterials Induced Oxidative Stress in Plants
	5.7 Impact of Nanomaterials on Ecosystem and Affluence on Plants
	5.8 Regulatory Perspectives
	5.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 6: Review of Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Biotransformation of Engineered Nanomaterials
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Bioaccumulation of Nanomaterials
		6.2.1 Principles of Bioaccumulation
		6.2.2 Effect of Bioaccumulation of Engineered Nanoparticles
		6.2.3 Bioaccumulation of Various Nanoparticles
			6.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
			6.2.3.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
			6.2.3.3 Silver Nanoparticles
			6.2.3.4 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
			6.2.3.5 Carbon Nanoparticles
			6.2.3.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
	6.3 Biomagnification of Nanomaterials
		6.3.1 Principle of Biomagnification
		6.3.2 Biomagnification of Nanomaterials
		6.3.3 Biomagnification of Various Nanoparticles
			6.3.3.1 Quantum Dots
			6.3.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles
			6.3.3.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
			6.3.3.4 Gold Nanoparticles
	6.4 Biotransformation of Nanomaterials
		6.4.1 Principle of Biotransformation
		6.4.2 Biotransformation of Various Nanoparticles
			6.4.2.1 Graphene-Related Materials
			6.4.2.2 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
			6.4.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
			6.4.2.4 Silver Nanoparticles
			6.4.2.5 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
			6.4.2.6 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
			6.4.2.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
	6.5 Designing Safer Nanoparticles
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Nanomaterials and Human Health: An Overview
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Sources and Route of Engineered Nanomaterial Exposure to Humans
	7.3 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials on Human Health
		7.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		7.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
		7.3.3 Silica Nanoparticles
		7.3.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Nanomaterials and Human Health: Nano-biomaterials in Dentistry
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Nanodentistry
	8.3 Routes of Entry
	8.4 Oral Cavity and Vital Organs
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Nanotoxicological Approaches Towards Nanosafety
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Mechanism of Nanotoxicity
	9.3 Factors Affecting Nanotoxicity
		9.3.1 Shape, Size and Surface Area
		9.3.2 Particle Chemistry and Crystal Structure
		9.3.3 Dissolution
		9.3.4 Surface Functionalization and Charge
	9.4 Different Routes for Administration of Nanoparticles
		9.4.1 Oral
		9.4.2 Pulmonary
		9.4.3 Transdermal
		9.4.4 Intravenous
		9.4.5 Intranasal
		9.4.6 Ophthalmic
		9.4.7 Vaginal
		9.4.8 Buccal
	9.5 Applications of Different Nanoparticles
		9.5.1 Medical or Optical Imaging
		9.5.2 Drug and Gene Delivery
		9.5.3 Cancer Therapy
		9.5.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases
		9.5.5 Ocular Diseases
		9.5.6 HIV/AIDS
		9.5.7 Respiratory Diseases
	9.6 Toxicity Associated with Different Nanoparticles
		9.6.1 Quantum Dots (QDs)
		9.6.2 Metallic Nanoparticles
		9.6.3 Polymeric and Liposomal Nanoparticles
		9.6.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		9.6.5 Nanocapsules
		9.6.6 Nanospheres
		9.6.7 Nanosponges
		9.6.8 Dendrimers
		9.6.9 Silver Nanoparticles
		9.6.10 Gold Nanoparticles
	9.7 Nanotoxicity in Various Populations
		9.7.1 Pregnant Females and Neonates
		9.7.2 Diseased Populations
			9.7.2.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Cardiovascular Disease
			9.7.2.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Chronic Respiratory Disease
			9.7.2.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Hepatitis Patients
		9.7.3 Elderly Populations
	9.8 Experimental Models Used for Nanotoxicology
		9.8.1 In-Vivo Models
		9.8.2 In-Vitro Models
		9.8.3 Mathematical Models for Nanotoxicology Study
		9.8.4 In-Silico Models for Nanotoxicology
	9.9 Nanosafety Regulations
	9.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Nanomaterials in the Treatment and Prevention of Oral Infections
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Nanomaterials
		10.2.1 Selected Antimicrobial Nanomaterials for Dentistry
			10.2.1.1 Titanium Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.3 Zinc Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.4 Copper Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.5 Gold Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.6 Silica Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.7 Bismuth Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.8 Zeolite Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.9 Magnesium Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.10 Quaternary Ammonium Nanoparticles
			10.2.1.11 Nano-Graphene
			10.2.1.12 Nanoemulsions and Nanosuspensions
			10.2.1.13 Nanochitosan
			10.2.1.14 Other Experimental Nanomaterials for Dental Purposes
	10.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Nanomaterials Causing Cellular Toxicity and Genotoxicity
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Applications of Nanomaterials
	11.3 Mechanisms of Toxicity
		11.3.1 Cell Toxicity
		11.3.2 Genotoxicity
	11.4 Nanomaterials and Their Toxicity
		11.4.1 Metal Nanoparticles
			11.4.1.1 Gold Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.1.2 Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.1.3 Cobalt Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.1.4 Aluminum Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.1.5 Titanium Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.1.6 Platinum Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.1.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.1.8 Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity
		11.4.2 Non-metal Nanoparticles
			11.4.2.1 Silica Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.2.2 Quantum Dots Toxicity
			11.4.2.3 Fullerene Nanoparticle Toxicity
			11.4.2.4 Polymeric Material Nanoparticle Toxicity
	11.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Techniques, Methods, Procedures and Protocols in Nanotoxicology
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Nanotoxicology
	12.2 Methods and Techniques
		12.2.1 Methods
			12.2.1.1 In Vitro Systems
			12.2.1.2 General In Vitro Methods for Nanotoxicity Assessment
				Cell Viability Assay
					Proliferative Assay
						Alamar Blue Assay
						Cologenic Assay
					Apoptosis Assay
						DNA Laddering
						Caspase Assay
						Annexin V
					Necrosis Assays
						Trypan Blue Test
				Oxidative Stress Assay
					2, 7-Dichlorofluorescin (DCFH)
					Electroparamagnetic Resonance (EPR)
					Lipid Peroxidation
				Inflammatory Assay
					Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
		12.2.2 Techniques
			12.2.2.1 Metabolomic Techniques
			12.2.2.2 Liquid- Chromatographic Technique (LC/MS)
			12.2.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
			12.2.2.4 Analysis of Metabolomic Data
			12.2.2.5 Synchrotron Radiation (SR)
			12.2.2.6 Characterization of Nanomaterials
			12.2.2.7 Imaging Techniques
				Optical Imaging Methods
					Optical Microscope
					High-Content Screening Method
					Electron Microscopes
				Quantification of Nanomaterials
					X-Ray Computed Tomography
	12.3 Characterisation
		12.3.1 Engineering Materials at Nanoscale for Biomedical Applications
		12.3.2 Nucleation Mode
		12.3.3 Aitken and Accumulation Modes
		12.3.4 Health Impacts
		12.3.5 Visibility
		12.3.6 Nanoparticles in Environmental and Occupational Hazard
		12.3.7 Measurements and Methodologies Important for Characterization of Nanomaterials
	12.4 Safety and Risk Assessment
		12.4.1 Nanomaterials Effect on Human
		12.4.2 Nanomaterials- Biological Effects on Ecosystem
		12.4.3 Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials in Air
		12.4.4 Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials in Water
		12.4.5 Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials in Soil
		12.4.6 Ecotoxicological Impacts of Nanomaterials
		12.4.7 Nanomaterials-Global Strategies to Address Human Health and/or Environmental Safety
		12.4.8 Development of Test Protocols for Nanomaterials
		12.4.9 Human and Environmental Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Index