Nanotechnology Safety

Front Cover......Page 1
Nanotechnology Safety......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedications......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
1.1.1. General Background......Page 16
1.1.2. Classification of Nanomaterials......Page 18
1.2. The Current State of Nanotechnology......Page 20
1.3. Prospects of Market Volume and Shares......Page 22
1.4.2. The Effects of Nanomaterials......Page 26
Occupational Exposure......Page 28
1.4.4. Occupational Health Surveillance......Page 29
References......Page 30
2.1.1. General Background......Page 32
2.1.2. Safety and Health......Page 33
2.1.4. Social Implications......Page 34
2.2.1. The Concept of Accident......Page 35
2.2.2. Recording of Accidents......Page 37
2.2.4. Safety Program......Page 38
2.2.6. Ergonomics and Material Handling......Page 39
Skills......Page 40
2.3.2. Unsafe Environment......Page 41
2.4. Nanotechnology Safety......Page 42
References......Page 45
3.1. Introduction......Page 46
3.2. Nanotechnology and Ethics......Page 48
3.2.1. Health Issues......Page 49
3.2.2. Environmental Issues......Page 51
3.2.3. Societal Issues......Page 52
3.2.4. Educational Issues......Page 53
3.2.6. Other Issues......Page 54
References......Page 55
4.1. Introduction......Page 58
4.1.1. Establishing Risk......Page 59
4.1.2. Establishing Road Maps to Regulation......Page 61
4.2.1. Environmental Law: TSCA and the EPA......Page 63
4.2.3. Product Safety: Cosmetics and Drugs, FFDCA, and the FDA......Page 64
4.2.5. Public Information......Page 65
4.3.1. ISO Standards on Nanotechnologies......Page 66
4.3.2. Nanoparticle Inventory Information: Institute for Work and Health......Page 67
4.4. Summary......Page 68
References......Page 69
5.1. Introduction......Page 72
5.2. Nanomaterials in the Automotive Industry......Page 73
5.2.2. Nanomaterials in Surface Coatings......Page 74
5.2.3. Nanomaterials in Interior and Exterior Parts......Page 75
5.2.5. Nanomaterials in Electronics and Batteries......Page 76
5.3.1. Particle Size and Shape......Page 77
5.3.2. Surface Area......Page 78
5.3.4. Surface Treatment......Page 79
5.4. Health Issues of Nanomaterials......Page 80
5.4.2. Ingestion......Page 81
5.4.3. Inhalation......Page 82
5.5.1. Risk Assessment......Page 83
5.5.2. The Risk Control Method......Page 84
References......Page 85
6.1. Introduction......Page 88
6.2.1. Hip and Knee Implants......Page 90
6.2.2. Photoactive Nanoparticles......Page 91
6.2.4. Carbon Nanotubes: Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity......Page 92
6.2.5. Drug Delivery and Diagnostics: Smart Drugs and Theragnostics......Page 93
6.4.1. Work Environments......Page 94
6.4.2. Risk Assessment......Page 95
6.4.4. Additional Government Regulation......Page 96
6.5. Conclusions......Page 97
References......Page 98
7.1.1. Background......Page 100
7.1.3. Lack of Regulations......Page 101
7.2. Nanomaterials in the Aerospace Industry......Page 102
7.3. Nanosafety Training......Page 104
7.4. Protection Methods......Page 105
7.5. Safety Issues......Page 108
7.5.1. Explosion......Page 109
7.5.3. Catalytic Reactions......Page 110
References......Page 111
8.1.1. The World Construction Industry......Page 114
Structural Steel......Page 115
Asbestos (Old and Dangerous Materials)......Page 116
8.2.1. Sustainable Development......Page 117
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials......Page 118
Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials......Page 119
Nanoscale Wood Products......Page 120
8.3.2. Effects of Fullerenes......Page 121
8.4. Rules and Regulations......Page 122
References......Page 125
9.1. Introduction......Page 130
9.2.1. Application of Multiple-Hurdle Interventions......Page 131
9.3.1. Chitosan Characteristics and Antimicrobial Properties......Page 133
9.3.3. Toxicity and Immune Response to Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Nanoparticle Composites......Page 134
9.4. Summary and Conclusions......Page 135
References......Page 136
10.1. Introduction......Page 142
10.2.1. Solar Energy......Page 143
10.2.2. Hydrogen Splitting......Page 144
10.2.3. Fuel Cells......Page 145
10.2.4. Batteries......Page 147
10.2.5. Supercapacitors......Page 148
10.2.6. Wind Energy......Page 149
10.3.1. Health Issues......Page 151
10.3.2. Environmental Issues......Page 152
References......Page 153
11.1. Introduction......Page 156
11.2. Overview of Nanotechnology: Implementation Definitions......Page 158
11.3. Nanotechnology Safety Concerns......Page 160
11.5. Nanotechnology Safety Issues in the Telecommunications Industry......Page 162
11.6. Nanotechnology Safety Solutions in the Electronics Industry......Page 164
11.7. Nanotechnology Safety Solutions in the Telecommunications Industry......Page 165
11.8. The Future of Nanotechnology Safety......Page 167
11.9. Suggestions and Recommendations......Page 170
11.10. Summary and Conclusion......Page 171
References......Page 172
12.1. Introduction to Fire Safety of Marine Composites......Page 176
12.2. Flame Retardants for Fire Safety of Polymers......Page 177
12.3. Nanocomposites for Fire Safety of Polymers......Page 179
12.4. Hybrid Nanocomposite Coatings for Fire Safety of Polymers......Page 184
12.5. Toxicity of Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 185
References......Page 186
13.1.1. Nanosensor Description and Mechanism......Page 190
13.1.2.1. Interferometry......Page 191
13.1.2.3. X-Ray......Page 192
13.1.2.5. Ion Mobility Spectrometry......Page 193
13.1.2.6. Amplified Fluorescent Polymers......Page 194
13.1.3.1. Sensitivity......Page 195
13.1.3.4. Interference to Environmental Pollutants......Page 196
13.1.3.6. Safety......Page 197
13.2.2.1. Lung Ingestion......Page 200
13.2.2.2. Dermal Ingestion......Page 201
13.2.2.3. Intestinal Ingestion......Page 202
13.3.1. Radiation Physics......Page 203
13.3.3. Terahertz Imaging......Page 204
13.3.5. Chemical Vapors......Page 205
Acknowledgments......Page 206
References......Page 207
14.2. Risk Assessment......Page 210
14.3. Material Characterization......Page 211
14.4. Nanomaterial Properties......Page 212
14.5. Potential Hazards......Page 213
14.6. Regulations......Page 215
14.7. Risk Evaluation Techniques......Page 216
U.S. Federal Organizations......Page 218
Examples of Service Providers......Page 219
References......Page 220
15.1. Introduction......Page 222
15.2. General Background: The Global Perspective......Page 223
15.3.1. Developing a Model for Nanotechnology Safety Certification......Page 225
15.3.3. Nanotechnology Safety Certification: Distinguishing ``Authentic´´ from ``Fake´´......Page 229
15.4. Conclusion and Summary: Future Development and Improvement of Nanotechnology Safety Standards......Page 230
References......Page 231
16.2. Total Number of Particles......Page 234
16.3. Aspect Ratio......Page 235
16.4. Surface-to-Volume Ratio......Page 236
16.5. Concentration of Active Atoms......Page 237
16.6. Catalytic Activity......Page 238
16.8. Sedimentation Time......Page 239
16.9. Penetration Ability......Page 242
16.12. Production of Nanofilled Materials......Page 243
16.13. Unnecessary Risk for Almost No Benefit......Page 244
References......Page 245
Index......Page 248