Nanotechnology for Energy and Environmental Engineering (Green Energy and Technology)

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanofluids: Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity and Particle Size Distribution
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis Techniques of Nanofluids
		2.1 Two-Step Method
		2.2 One-Step Method
	3 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids
		3.1 Reason Behind Improved Thermal Performance of Nanofluids
		3.2 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of the Nanofluids
		3.3 Factors Affecting Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids
		3.4 Models for Thermal Conductivity Prediction
		3.5 Applications Based on Thermal Properties of the Nanofluids
	4 Electrical Conductivity of Nanofluids
		4.1 Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of the Nanofluids
		4.2 Factors Affecting the Electrical Conductivity of the Nanofluids
		4.3 Role of Zeta Potential
		4.4 Relation of Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Nanofluids
		4.5 Models for Electrical Conductivity Prediction
		4.6 Applications Based on Electrical Conductivity of Nanofluid
	5 Particle Size Distribution of Nanofluids
		5.1 Characterization Techniques Used for Particle Size Distribution
		5.2 Factors Affecting Size Distribution of Particles or Aggregation in Nanofluids
		5.3 Influence of Particle Size Distribution on Properties of Nanofluids
	6 Summary
	References
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Biogenic Nanomaterials: An Overview
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanotechnology
		1.2 Green Technology and Green Nanotechnology
	2 Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		2.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		2.2 Types of Nanoparticles
		2.3 Factors Influencing the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	3 Characterization of Nanoparticles
	4 Applications of Nanoparticles
		4.1 Biomedical Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles
		4.2 Industrial Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles
		4.3 Environmental Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles
		4.4 Agriculture Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles
	References
Thermal Plasma Processes and Nanomaterial Preparation
	1 Nanoscience and Nanomaterials
	2 Plasma
		2.1 Plasma and Material Processing
		2.2 Thermal Plasma Processes
	3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		3.1 Non-transferred Plasma Process for Synthesis of Nanostructures
		3.2 Transferred Arc Plasma Process for Synthesis of Nanostructures
		3.3 Advantages of Plasma Process for Nanomaterial Synthesis
		3.4 Transferred Arc Plasma and Nonmaterial Preparation—System Details
	4 Preparation of Various Nanostructures by Plasma Process
		4.1 Preparation of Oxide Nanostructures
		4.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
		4.3 Preparation of Carbide Nanostructures
		4.4 Silicon Carbide Nanostructures
		4.5 Preparation of Nitride Nanostructures
		4.6 Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles
	5 Conclusion
	References
Peptide Nanotubes: A Crystallographic Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Back Bone Conformation Constraining Amino Acids
		2.1 α, β-dehydroamino Acids
	3 Characterization of Dipeptides
		3.1 Characterization of Dipeptide I (FΔF)
		3.2 Characterization of Dipeptide II (VΔF)
		3.3 Characterization of Dipeptide III (AΔF)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Halloysite Nanotubes: An ‘Aluminosilicate Nanosupport’ for Energy and Environmental Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Halloysite Nanotubes: Structure and Properties
		2.1 Halloysite Nanotubes as ‘Nanosupport’ for Different Guest Molecules
	3 Energy and Environmental Applications of Halloysite Nanotubes
		3.1 Environmental Applications
		3.2 Energy Applications
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Contemporary Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
	1 Introduction
	2 Organic-Based HTM
		2.1 Spiro-Based HTM
		2.2 Triphenylamine Organic Hole Transport Material
		2.3 Thiophene-Based Organic Hole Transport Material
		2.4 Carbozole Hole Transport Material
		2.5 Pyrene Derivatives
		2.6 Triptycene Derivatives
		2.7 Triazine-Based Derivatives
	3 Polymer-Based HTM
		3.1 P3HT Poly(3-Hexylthiophene)
		3.2 PEDOT: PSS
		3.3 PTAA
	4 Inorganic Hole Transport Materials
		4.1 CuI (Copper Iodide)
		4.2 CuSCN
		4.3 NiO
		4.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)
	5 Outlook
	References
Conjugation of Nanomaterials and Bioanodes for Energy Production in Microbial Fuel Cell
	1 Introduction of MFC
	2 Limitations of MFC
	3 Bioanodes/Microbial Growth in MFC
	4 Application of Nanomaterial/Nanoparticles in MFC
	5 Review of Research
	6 Future Prospects
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Model for Electro-osmotic Flow of Pseudoplastic Nanofluids in Presence of Peristaltic Pumping: An Application to Smart Pumping in Energy Systems
	1 Nanofluid Mechanics in Energy Management
	2 Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Regulation of Fluid Motion
	3 Models of Electroosmosis-Driven Peristaltic Fluid Motion
	4 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem
		4.1 Problem Definition
		4.2 Governing Equations
		4.3 Nondimensional Analysis
	5 Numerical Simulation and Physical Interpretation
		5.1 Electro-osmostic Flow Characteristics
		5.2 Electrothermal Characteristics
		5.3 Nanoparticle Concentration in Presence of Electroosmosis
		5.4 Trapping Phenomenon in the Presence of Electroosmosis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Energy Generation and Storage Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Nanomaterial for Energy Generation and Storage
	3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	4 Synthesis and Characterizations of Reduced Graphene-SnO2-Polyaniline Nanocomposites Using Sonochemical Approach for Supercapacitor
		4.1 Sonochemical Synthesis of Reduced Graphene-SnO2-Polyaniline Composite
	5 Nanomaterials for the PEM Fuel Cell Applications
		5.1 Synthesis of the Support and Catalyst Preparation for PEM Fuel Cell
	6 Conclusion
	References
Interaction of Heavy Crude Oil and Nanoparticles for Heavy Oil Upgrading
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Need of Nanotechnology
	2 Properties of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Oils
		2.1 Heavy Oil Upgrading and Rheology
	3 Nanomaterials and Their Properties
	4 Role of Nanomaterials in Heavy Oil Recovery and its Operations
		4.1 Interaction with Nanoparticles and its Effects on Heavy Oil Properties
		4.2 Effects of Dispersion on the Performance of Nanoparticles
		4.3 Challenges in the Application of Nanotechnology
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Nanoparticles-Based Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Research on Nanotechnology Application in the Petroleum Industry
		2.1 Nanotechnology in Exploration Industry
		2.2 Nanotechnology in Drilling and Production
		2.3 Nanotechnology in Refining and Processing
		2.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery
	3 Role of Nanomaterials in EOR
		3.1 Nanofluids/Nanoparticles
		3.2 Nanoemulsions
		3.3 Nanocatalysts
	4 A Laboratory Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Assisted Polymer Flooding
	5 Overview and Future Prospects
	6 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Nanoparticles on the Performance of Drilling Fluids
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Drilling Fluids
		1.2 Classification of drilling fluids
	2 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
		2.1 Importance of Nanoparticles in Drilling Muds
	3 Enhancement in Drilling Fluid Properties Due to Nanoparticles
		3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Rheology
		3.2 Wellbore Stability and Strengthening
		3.3 Enhancement in Thermal Property
		3.4 Enhancement in Lifting Capacity
		3.5 Fluid Loss Control by Nanoparticles
	4 Field Application
	5 Recommendations and Challenges of Nanofluids
	6 Conclusion
	References
Interaction of Nanoparticles with Reservoir Fluids and Rocks for Enhanced Oil Recovery
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanoparticles and Their Origin
		2.1 Uniqueness of Nanoparticles
		2.2 Grouping of Nanoparticles
		2.3 Synthesis Process of Nanoparticles
		2.4 Characterization of Nanoparticles
	3 Enhanced Oil Recovery
		3.1 Interfacial Tension
		3.2 Wettability
		3.3 Viscosity
	4 Thermal Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery
	5 Microbial Method
	6 Gas Injection Method
	7 Field Application of Nanoparticles
	8 Limitation of Nanoparticles in EOR
	9 Conclusion
	References
Versatile 1-D Nanostructures for Green Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Growth of 1-D Nanomaterials
		2.1 Top-Down Approach
		2.2 Bottom-up Approach
	3 1-D Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Solar Cells (PSC)
	4 One-Dimensional Nanostructures for Energy Storage
		4.1 Nanowires for ESS
		4.2 Nanorods for ESS
		4.3 Nanotubes for ESS
		4.4 Core-Shell Structures for ESS
		4.5 Hierarchical Nanostructures for ESS
	5 Conclusion
	References
Nanoporous Polymeric Membranes for Hydrogen Separation
	1 Introduction
	2 Why Hydrogen as a Future Fuel
	3 Why Membrane-Based Hydrogen Separation
	4 Gas Separation Mechanism
		4.1 Solution Diffusion
		4.2 Molecular Sieving
		4.3 Knudsen Diffusion
	5 Types of Membranes
		5.1 Composite Membranes
		5.2 Carbon-Based Membranes
		5.3 Track-Etched Membranes
		5.4 Block Copolymer-Based Composite Membrane
		5.5 Functionalized Porous Membranes
	6 Hydrogen Separation by Using Membranes
	7 Conclusion
	References
Functionalized Nano-porous Silicon Surfaces for Energy Storage Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of Porous Silicon with Different Pore Diameter
		2.1 Pore Formation in Silicon
		2.2 Change in Physical Properties of Porous Silicon
	3 Energy Storage Devices
		3.1 Battery
		3.2 Supercapacitor
	4 Functionalized Nano-porous Silicon
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of MAPbI3 Film Using Response Surface Methodology for Enhancement in Photovoltaic Performance
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Methodology
		2.3 Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication
		2.4 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Optimization of MAPbI3 Using the Parametric Study
		3.2 Optimization of MAPbI3 Using the Response Surface Methodology
		3.3 Optical and Electrochemical Analysis of PSC
	4 Conclusion
	References
Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Therapeutics
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of NPs for Drug Delivery
		2.1 Effect of Size on Drug Delivery
		2.2 Effect of Shape of NPs on Drug Delivery
		2.3 Effect of Surface Charge
	3 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Its Role in Therapeutics and Diagnostics
		3.1 Chitosan
		3.2 Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)
		3.3 Polyethylenimine
		3.4 Dendrimers
	4 Inorganic Nanoparticles in Therapeutics and Diagnostics
		4.1 Gold Nanoparticles
		4.2 Silver Nanopartcles
		4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
		4.4 Quantum Dots
		4.5 Iron Oxide NPS
	5 Conclusion
	References
Designing Novel Photocatalysts for Disinfection of Multidrug-Resistant Waterborne Bacteria
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Current Scenario of Waste Water and Multidrug-resistant Waterborne Bacteria
		1.2 Problems, Consequence Associated, and Disease Caused
		1.3 Current Scenario of Water and Existing Solutions for Water Disinfection
		1.4 Wastewater Disinfection by Nonconventional Process like Heterogenous Photocatalysis
	2 Innovation in Photocatalyst Technology
		2.1 Doping of Photocatalysts for PCD of Microbes
		2.2 Core-Shell Nanocomposites for PCD of Microbes
		2.3 Clay-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Disinfection of Microbes
		2.4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
		2.5 Nonmetallic Materials Graphitic Carbon Nitride
		2.6 Magnetically Separable Photocatalysts for Better Reusability
	3 Challenges Associated with Photocatalysis
	4 Catalyst Poisoning and Long Term Effect on Human Health, Animal Health and Agriculture
	5 Future Perspectives and Practical Applicability of Photocatalyst Technology
	6 Conclusion
	References
Magnetic Nanoparticles: Green and Environment Friendly Catalyst for Organic Transformations
	1 Introduction
	2 Conclusion(s)
	References
A Comprehensive Characterization of Stress Relaxed ZnO Thin Film at Wafer Level
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Microstructurally Engineered Ceramics for Environmental Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 MHNPL Nano-Adsorbent
		3.2 DMHNPLA for MB Dye Degradation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Eco-friendly Surface Modification and Nanofinishing of Textile Polymers to Enhance Functionalisation
	1 Introduction
	2 Non-thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
		2.1 Plasma
		2.2 Classification of Plasma
		2.3 Types of the Non-thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma System
		2.4 Advantages of Plasma Treatment
		2.5 Plasma–Substrate Interaction
	3 Nanotechnology
		3.1 Classification of Nanoparticles
		3.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		3.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Textile Surface Modification
	4 Recent Studies on Modification of Textiles by Plasma and Nanoparticles
		4.1 Antimicrobial Finish
		4.2 UV Treatment
		4.3 Self-cleaning
		4.4 Dye Adsorption Enhancement
		4.5 Mechanical Strength
		4.6 Moisture Absorption
		4.7 Flame-Retardant Textiles
	5 Conclusion and Future Trend
	References
Removal of Ni(II) and Zn(II) from Aqueous Media Using Algae-Sodium Bentonite Nanocomposite
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Pre-treatment of Algal Biomass and Composite Preparation
		2.2 Adsorption Studies
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Adsorbent Characterization
		3.2 Effect of Initial pH
		3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
		3.4 Effect of Initial Ion Concentration
		3.5 Effect of Contact Time
		3.6 Effect of Temperature
		3.7 Equilibrium Isotherm Modeling
		3.8 Kinetic Modeling
		3.9 Thermodynamic Parameter Evaluation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Nucleic Acid Based Nanoconstructs for Environmental Analysis in Atypical Contexts
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Development and Characterisation of Nanobio-Constructs
		3.2 Dye Adsorption and Desorption Studies
	4 Conclusion
	References