Nanotechnologies

Nanotechnologies......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
List of authors......Page 11
Preface to the first edition......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
1 The nanotechnology revolution......Page 16
1.1 From micro- to nanoelectronics......Page 17
1.2 From the macroscopic to the nanoscopic world......Page 19
1.3 From fundamentals to applications......Page 20
1.4.2 Mechanics......Page 21
1.4.4 Electromagnetism......Page 25
1.4.5 Thermodynamics......Page 27
1.5 Some examples......Page 28
1.6.1 Nanoelectronics......Page 30
1.6.3 Biomedical field......Page 31
1.6.4 Space domain......Page 32
1.6.5 Sustainable development......Page 33
2 Atomic structure and cohesion......Page 34
2.1 Surfaces and interfaces......Page 35
2.1.2 Crystals’ shape......Page 36
2.1.3 Drops and contact angles......Page 38
2.1.4 Development of films on top of a substrate......Page 39
2.1.5.1 Van der Waals interaction......Page 40
2.1.6 Adhesion work......Page 41
2.2.2 Temperature definitions......Page 42
2.2.3 Nanoparticles’ energy......Page 43
2.2.4 Fusion of spherical nanoparticles......Page 44
2.2.5 Fusion of non-spherical nanoparticles......Page 45
2.2.6 Phase diagrams of nanoparticles......Page 46
2.2.6.1 Effects of stresses......Page 49
2.3.1 Atom clusters......Page 50
2.3.4 Fullerenes......Page 53
2.3.5 Nanotubes......Page 55
2.3.6 Filling of nanotubes......Page 57
2.3.7 Geometric shape of non-hollow clusters......Page 58
2.3.8 Shape fluctuations......Page 59
3.1.1 An electron in a one-dimensional potential well......Page 62
3.1.2 An electron in a spherical potential well......Page 64
3.1.3 An electron in a hydrogen atom......Page 65
3.1.4 An electron in a periodical potential......Page 67
3.1.5 Electron, hole and exciton......Page 69
3.1.6 From zero to three dimensions......Page 70
3.2.1 Weak confinement......Page 72
3.2.2 Strong confinement......Page 73
3.3 Optical properties of metallic nanoparticles......Page 75
3.5 Quantization of electrical conductivity......Page 76
4 Molecular electronics......Page 78
4.1.1 Mechanical junctions......Page 79
4.1.2 The contribution of high-resolution microscopy......Page 81
4.1.3 Current through a molecule......Page 82
4.1.4 Coulomb blockade......Page 84
4.2 Molecular rectifiers......Page 85
4.3 Molecular transistors......Page 87
4.4 Molecular resonant tunnelling diodes......Page 89
4.5 Molecular memories......Page 91
4.6 Towards the molecular computer......Page 93
5.1 When electronics meets biology......Page 94
5.1.2.2 Topographical method......Page 95
5.1.3 Electronic circuit between two neurons......Page 96
5.2 A computer based on the DNA double helix......Page 98
6.1 Conjugation in conducting polymers......Page 102
6.2 Electronic structure and electron–phonon coupling......Page 104
6.3 Charge transport......Page 106
6.4 Electronic excitations and optical properties......Page 109
6.5 Plastic electronics......Page 112
6.5.1 Organic light-emitting diodes......Page 113
6.5.2 Photovoltaic sensors and organic solar cells......Page 117
6.5.3 Organic transistors and plastic integrated circuits......Page 120
6.5.4 Field-effect transistors......Page 122
6.5.5 Purity of compounds and field mobility......Page 123
6.5.6 Ideal structures and possible ones......Page 124
6.5.7 Polymer-based biochemical sensors......Page 126
6.6 Photoluminescent conjugated polymers......Page 127
6.6.1 Chemical sensors......Page 128
6.7 I/V response of field-effect organic transistor......Page 130
6.8 Doped conjugated polymers......Page 132
7 Fabrication of nanostructures......Page 136
7.1 Situation of the problem......Page 137
7.2 Contribution of supramolecular chemistry......Page 138
7.3 Semi-conducting nanoribbons......Page 139
7.4 Creation of nanostructures......Page 142
7.4.2 Nanolithography......Page 143
7.4.4 Ink-jet printing......Page 145
7.5 Patterning......Page 147
7.7 Writing via local probe microscopy......Page 150
7.8 Design and development of molecular circuits......Page 153
8 Organic-matrix-based nanocomposites......Page 156
8.1.3 Nanoparticles with a single nanometric dimension......Page 157
8.2 Preparation of nanocomposites......Page 159
8.2.1.2 Dispersion in molten materials......Page 161
8.2.2 Matrix synthesis in the presence of nanoparticles......Page 162
8.2.3 Preparation of nanoparticles in organic matrix......Page 163
8.3.1 Morphological characterization: tools and techniques......Page 164
8.3.2.1 Mechanical resistance......Page 166
8.3.2.3 Fire resistance properties......Page 167
8.3.2.4 Other properties......Page 168
8.4.1 Nylon-6 smectite nanocomposites for clingfilm......Page 169
8.5 Prospects......Page 170
9.1.1 Diamagnetism and paramagnetism......Page 172
9.1.2 Ferromagnetism and Weiss domains......Page 173
9.1.3 Superparamagnetism......Page 176
9.2.1 Properties......Page 177
9.2.2 Synthesis......Page 180
9.2.4 Characterization of superparamagnetic colloids......Page 181
9.3.1 Heating tumours to destroy them......Page 182
9.3.2 Absorption of radiofrequency waves by nanomagnets......Page 184
9.3.3 Results......Page 187
9.4 Biomagnetism......Page 188
9.4.2 Molluscs......Page 189
9.4.3 Magnetotactic bacteria......Page 190
9.4.5 Ferritin......Page 192
10 Nanotechnologies in perspective......Page 194
10.1 Health and environmental issues......Page 197
10.2 Military interests......Page 198
10.3 Media and ethical considerations......Page 199
10.4 NBIC......Page 200
10.5 Education issues......Page 202
Appendix 1: Electron microscopy......Page 204
A2.1 The XPS technique......Page 208
A2.2 The ToF-SIMS technique......Page 210
A3.1 Relaxation times......Page 214
A3.2 Selection of a slice and voxel notion......Page 215
Bibliography......Page 218
Index......Page 222