Nanostructured titanium dioxide in photocatalysis

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Introduction and Background
	Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature Review
		1.1: Introduction
		1.2: Literature Review
			1.2.1: Crystal Structure of TiO2
				1.2.1.1: Anatase
				1.2.1.2: Rutile
				1.2.1.3: Brookite
			1.2.2: TiO2 Band Gap, Doping, and Modifying
				1.2.2.1: Ion-implantation method
				1.2.2.2: Sol–gel doping and other methods
				1.2.2.3: Mixed titania phases: Heterojunction (heterostructure)
			1.2.3: Kinetics of TiO2 Phase Transformation
				1.2.3.1: Temperature
				1.2.3.2: Calcination time
				1.2.3.3: Heating rate
				1.2.3.4: Atmospheres
				1.2.3.5: Impurities, presence of foreign elements, or doping
				1.2.3.6: Synthesis method
				1.2.3.7: Particle/grain size
				1.2.3.8: Surface area
			1.2.4: Nanostructured TiO2
				1.2.4.1: Zero-dimensional nanostructures
				1.2.4.2: One-dimensional nanostructures
				1.2.4.3: Two-dimensional nanostructures
				1.2.4.4: Three-dimensional nanostructures
			1.2.5: Synthesis Methods of Nanostructured TiO2
				1.2.5.1: Sol–gel
				1.2.5.2: Hydrothermal method
				1.2.5.3: Template method
				1.2.5.4: Chemical vapor deposition
				1.2.5.5: Layer-by-layer method
				1.2.5.6: Anodization method
				1.2.5.7: Electrospinning method
			1.2.6: Taguchi Method
Part II: Methodologies
	Chapter 2: Material Synthesis and Methodologies
		2.1: Synthesis of TiO2 Thin Films
		2.2: Synthesis of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
		2.3: Synthesis of Anodized TiO2 Nanotubes
		2.4: Synthesis of 1D TiO2 Nanostructures
			2.4.1: Hydrothermal: Seeded-Growth Reaction
			2.4.2: Templated Synthesis: Sol–Gel Deposition, Electrodeposition, Atomic Layer Deposition
			2.4.3: Electrochemical Anodization
			2.4.4: Ion Implantation
		2.5: Physical Properties of Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers Annealed at Different Temperatures
			2.5.1: Morphological Properties
			2.5.2: Structural Properties
			2.5.3: Optical Properties
			2.5.4: Vibrational Properties
		2.6: Modification and Functionalization of Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers
			2.6.1: Doping
			2.6.2: Reduction and Self-Doping “Black TiO2”
			2.6.3: Surface Modification
			2.6.4: Incorporation of Metals and Semiconductors
		2.7: Synthesis of Doped TiO2 Nanostructures
	Chapter 3: Characterization Techniques
		3.1: Scanning Electron Microscopy
		3.2: High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
		3.3: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
		3.4: Electron Backscatter Diffraction
		3.5: In Situ High-Temperature X-Ray and Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction
		3.6: Analysis of Absolute Phase Compositions
		3.7: Estimation of Activation Energies
		3.8: Estimation of Crystallite Size and Strain
Part III: Materials Characterization
	Chapter 4: In Situ Isothermal High-Temperature Diffraction Studies on the Crystallization, Phase Transformation, and Activation Energies in Anodized Titania Nanotubes
		4.1: Introduction
		4.2: Results and Discussion
			4.2.1: Microstructural Imaging
			4.2.2: Crystallization Kinetics
			4.2.3: Activation Energies
		4.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 5: Effect of Calcination on Band Gap for Electrospun Titania Nanofibers Heated in Air–Argon Mixtures
		5.1: Introduction
		5.2: Results and Discussion
			5.2.1: Microstructure Imaging
			5.2.2: Influence of Calcining Atmosphere
			5.2.3: Phase Compositions
			5.2.4: UV–Visible Spectral Analysis
			5.2.5: Influence of Calcining Atmosphere on Band-Gap Structure
		5.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 6: Characterization and Optimization of Electrospun TiO2/PVP Nanofibers Using Taguchi Design of Experiment Method
		6.1: Introduction
		6.2: Theory and Fundamentals
			6.2.1: Taguchi DoE
			6.2.2: Analysis of Variance
			6.2.3: Total Variation (ST)
			6.2.4: Total Variance of Each Factor (Si)
			6.2.5: Percentage Contribution (%)
			6.2.6: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofiber Diameter
		6.3: Results and Discussion
			6.3.1: Nanofiber Morphology and Diameter
			6.3.2: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
			6.3.3: Optimum Combination of Factors
			6.3.4: Confirmation Experiment to Optimum Conditions
		6.4: Conclusion
	Chapter 7: Effect of Pressure on TiO2 Crystallization Kinetics Using In Situ Sealed Capillary High-Temperature Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction
		7.1: Introduction
		7.2: Results and Discussion
			7.2.1: Microstructural Imaging
			7.2.2: SRD Patterns for In Situ Heating of Material Contained in Sealed Capillary
			7.2.3: Use of Ex Situ XRD at Atmospheric Pressure to Determine the Influence of Capillary Pressure in SRD Experiment
			7.2.4: Crystallization Kinetics Modelling
		7.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 8: Characterization of Chemical-Bath-Deposited TiO2 Thin Films
		8.1: Introduction
		8.2: Results and Discussion
			8.2.1: XRD Analysis
			8.2.2: Microstructure Analysis
			8.2.3: Electrical Resistivity
		8.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 9: Influence of Electrolyte and Temperature on Anodic Nanotubes
		9.1: Introduction
		9.2: Results and Discussion
			9.2.1: Influence of Electrolyte Composition on TiO2 Nanotubes Formation
			9.2.2: Temperature Dependence on Anodic Synthesis of TiO2 Nanotubes
			9.2.3: Optical Properties of Anodic TiO2 Nanotubes
		9.3: Conclusion
Part IV: Materials Properties and Applications
	Chapter 10: Phase Transformations and Crystallization Kinetics of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers in Air and Argon Atmospheres
		10.1: Introduction
		10.2: Results and Discussion
			10.2.1: Microstructures of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
			10.2.2: Effect of Environmental Atmosphere on Phase Transitions during Thermal Annealing
		10.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 11: Effect of Vanadium-Ion Implantation on the Crystallization Kinetics and Phase Transformation of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
		11.1: Introduction
		11.2: Results and Discussion
			11.2.1: Microstructures of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
			11.2.2: HRTEM Imaging of Calcined TiO2 Nanofibers
			11.2.3: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
			11.2.4: Effect of Ion Implantation on Phase Transitions
			11.2.5: Crystallization Kinetics Modelling
			11.2.6: Microstructure Development
		11.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 12: A Comparative Study on Crystallization Behavior, Phase Stability, and Binding Energy in Pure and Cr-Doped TiO2 Nanotubes
		12.1: Introduction
		12.2: Results and Discussion
			12.2.1: Crystallization Behavior
			12.2.2: Microstructures and Formation Mechanisms of Nanostructured TiO2
			12.2.3: Composition Depth Profiles and Binding Energies
		12.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 13: Effect of Indium-Ion Implantation on Crystallization Kinetics and Phase Transformation of Anodized Titania Nanotubes
		13.1: Introduction
		13.2: Results and Discussion
			13.2.1: Microstructural Imaging
			13.2.2: Crystallization Behavior
			13.2.3: Influence of In-Ion Implantation on Lattice Parameters
		13.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 14: Ni Nanowires Grown in Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Arrays as Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Nanocomposites
		14.1: Introduction
		14.2: Results and Discussion
		14.3: Conclusion
	Chapter 15: Applications of TiO2 Nanostructures
		15.1: Photocatalytic Applications
			15.1.1: Antifogging and Self-Cleaning
			15.1.2: Photocatalysts for Water Treatment and Air Purification
			15.1.3: TiO2 Photobioreactor
		15.2: Photovoltaic Applications
			15.2.1: Lithium Batteries
			15.2.2: Photoelectrochemical Cells
			15.2.3: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
		15.3: Sensing Applications
		15.4: Coatings
		15.5: Drug Delivery and Bioapplications
Part V: Conclusions
	Chapter 16: Summary and Conclusions
		16.1: Summary
		16.2: Conclusions
Index