Nanostructured Metal-Oxide Electrode Materials for Water Purification: Fabrication, Electrochemistry and Applications (Engineering Materials)

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Dynamic Degradation Efficiency of Major Organic Pollutants from Wastewater
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Dyes
		1.2.1 Synthetic Dyes
		1.2.2 Some Predominantly Used Acidic Dyes
		1.2.3 Basic Dyes
	1.3 Pharmaceutical Products
		1.3.1 Ways Pharmaceutical Products Go into Wastewater
		1.3.2 Types of Pharmaceutical Products Polluting Wastewater
		1.3.3 Environmental Concerns and Health Issues Arise from PPs in Wastewater
	1.4 Wastewater
	1.5 Photocatalyst Semiconductors
	1.6 Degradation Techniques
		1.6.1 Photocatalysis Process
		1.6.2 Photoelectrochemical Degradation Efficiency on Synthetic Dyes
	1.7 Summary of the Findings
		1.7.1 Causative Impacts of Synthetic Dyes and Pharmaceutical Products Wastewater
		1.7.2 Semiconductor Photocatalysts
		1.7.3 Photoelectrochemical Technique
		1.7.4 Photoelectrochemical Degradation Efficiency on Organic Pollutants
	1.8 Conclusions
	References
2 Synthesis and Fabrication of Photoactive Nanocomposites Electrodes for the Degradation of Wastewater Pollutants
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Nanoparticles
		2.2.1 Fundamental Nanoparticles
		2.2.2 Photoelectrochemical Technique
	2.3 Photoactive Nanocomposites
	2.4 Synthesis of Photoactive Nanocomposites
		2.4.1 Different Techniques on Synthesis of Nanocomposites
		2.4.2 Characterization Techniques
	2.5 Fabrication of the Photoactive Semiconductors
	2.6 Current Issues and Gap of Knowledge
	2.7 Summary of the Chapter
		2.7.1 Nanoparticles
		2.7.2 Photoactive Metal Oxides
	2.8 Methods for Production of Nanocomposites
		2.8.1 Characterization Techniques
		2.8.2 Synthesis of Photoactive Nanocomposites
		2.8.3 Fabrication of Photoelectrodes
		2.8.4 Photoelectrochemical Techniques
	2.9 Conclusions and the Future Direction
	References
3 The Essence of Electrochemical Measurements on Corrosion Characterization and Electrochemistry Application
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Corrosion
		3.2.1 Corrosion Process
	3.3 Electrochemistry
	3.4 Electrochemical Measurements
		3.4.1 Pre-measurements and Post Characterization Techniques
		3.4.2 Electrochemical Cell
		3.4.3 Corrosion Measurements Governing Techniques in EMS
		3.4.4 Electrochemistry Application
		3.4.5 Electrochemistry Governing Techniques on EMs
	3.5 Summary and Future Scope of Electrochemical Measurements
	3.6 Conclusions and Future Scope
		3.6.1 Conclusions
		3.6.2 Future Scope
	References
4 Electrochemical Cells
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Galvanic Cells
		4.1.2 Electrolytic Cell
		4.1.3 Electrochemical Cell Electrodes
		4.1.4 Working Electrodes (WE)
		4.1.5 Counter or Auxiliary Electrode (CE)
		4.1.6 Reference Electrode
	4.2 Electrode Potential (E0)
	4.3 Nernst Equation
	4.4 Faradaic and Non-faradaic Processes
		4.4.1 Lectrochemical Resistance
		4.4.2 Electrode Reaction
		4.4.3 Mass Transport Processes in an Electrochemical Cell
	4.5 Diffusion
		4.5.1 Migration
	4.6 Convention
	References
5 Properties and Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Electrochemistry
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Classification of Nanoparticles
		5.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
		5.2.2 Organic Nanoparticles
		5.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
	5.3 Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
		5.3.1 Sol-Gel Method
		5.3.2 Pyrolysis Method
		5.3.3 Others
	5.4 Properties of Nanoparticles
		5.4.1 Optical Properties
		5.4.2 Electrical Properties
		5.4.3 Particle Mobility
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Biosensor Application
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles as a Smart Nanomaterial for the Construction of a Biosensor
	6.3 ZnO Nanoparticle as a Brilliant Nanomaterial for the Fabrication of a Biosensor
	6.4 MnO2 Nanoparticle as an Intelligent Nanomaterial for the Development of a Biosensor
	6.5 Magnetic Oxide Nanomaterial as an Excellent Nanowire for the Design of an Electrochemical Biosensor
	6.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
7 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals in Water
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Kinds of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Electrode Modification and Their Electrochemical Applications
		7.2.1 TiO2 Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes
		7.2.2 Fe2O3, Fe2O4 and Fe3O4 Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes
		7.2.3 SnO2 Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes
		7.2.4 ZnO Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes
		7.2.5 MnO, MnO2 Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes
	7.3 Deductions and Forthcoming Outlook
	References
8 Application of Metal Oxides Electrodes
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Metal Oxide Electrodes as Sensors in Medicine and Other Areas
		8.1.2 Environmental Protection and Safety
		8.1.3 Metal Oxide Electrodes as Semiconductors
		8.1.4 Application of Metal Oxide-Based Electrode in Energy Storage
	8.2 Application of Metal Oxide-Based Electrode in Lithium Ion Batteries
		8.2.1 Metal Oxide Electrodes Applications in Solar Cells
	8.3 Conclusion
	References
9 Application of Modified Metal Oxide Electrodes in Photoelectrochemical Removal of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methods of Modification of Metal Oxides for Improved Photoelectrochemical Activity
		9.2.1 Modification with Carbon-Based Materials
		9.2.2 Formation of Mixed Metal Oxides/Heterostructures
		9.2.3 Doping with Metals and Non-metals
	9.3 Conclusion
	References
10 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Adsorption and Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Aqueous Solution
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bases of Photoelectrocatalytic Activities
	10.3 TiO2 Metal Oxide Based Composites for Photoelectrocatalysis Enhancement
		10.3.1 Transition Metals-Modified TiO2
		10.3.2 Non-metals/Metalloids Modified TiO2
		10.3.3 Carbonaceous Materials Modified TiO2
		10.3.4 Polymer Modified TiO2
		10.3.5 Ordered TiO2 Materials
	10.4 Other Metal Oxide Catalysts Other Than TiO2 Used for Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
	10.5 Adsorption Effects on Photoelectrocatalytic Performance of Photoelectrodes
	10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Index