Nanostructured Magnetic Materials and Their Applications (Lecture Notes in Physics, 593)

Chapter 1
	1 A Survey of Nanomagnetism
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Physical Properties of Magnetic Nanostructures
			1.2.1 Substrate Effects on Structures and Related Properties
			1.2.2 Oscillatory Exchange Coupling
			1.2.3 Spin Polarized Tunneling
			1.2.4 Magnetoresistivity
			1.2.5 Two Dimensional Systems
			1.2.6 One Dimensional Systems
			1.2.7 “Zero Dimensional” Systems
		1.3 Experimental Techniques for Nano-scaled Magnetic Materials
			1.3.1 Recent Progress in Nano-sized Sample Preparation
			1.3.2 Measurements Techniques
		1.4 Applications
		1.5 Outline of the Book
		References
Chapter 2
	2 AMR and GMR Layers and Multilayers for Magnetic Field Sensors
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
		2.3 Sophisticated Elements Based on Anisotropic Magnetoresistance
			2.3.1 Elements of Increased Sensitivity (“Longitudinal” Ones)
			2.3.2 Elements with Decreased Hysteresis
			2.3.3 Elements Determining the Magnetic Field Direction
			2.3.4 Elements with Increased Upper Level of Measuring Fields
			2.3.5 Developed AMR Sensor Mockups
		2.4 Investigations of (Co/Cu)_n Multilayer Nanostructure Showing “Giant” Magnetoresistance (GMR)
			2.4.1 Influence of Cu Interlayer Thickness on Magnetoresistive Ratio
			2.4.2 Nanostructures with a Variable Number of Bilayers
			2.4.3 Possible Fields of Application
		2.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter 3
	3 Model Calculation of the Giant Magnetoresistance in Multilayers with an Arbitrary Number of Layers
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Construction of the Green Function
		3.3 Calculation of the Spin Angles
		3.4 Calculation of the GMR and Application to Some Measured Characteristics
		3.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter 4
	4 Interface Effects in Tunneling Magnetoresistive Systems
		4.1 Interface Properties in Tunneling Magnetoresistance Devices
		4.2 Depth Selective Mössbauer Spectroscopy
		4.3 Interface Magnetism
		4.4 Solid State Reaction at the Fe-Al Interface under the Presence of Oxygen
		4.5 Discussion
		References
Chapter 5
	5 Analysis of the Disturbing Influence of Stray Fields in Very Small MRAM Cells by Computer Simulation
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Simulation by Energy Minimization
		5.3 Simulation by the Local Field Method
		5.4 Equation of Motion
		5.5 Stray Fields, Magnetization and TMR
		5.6 Results
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter 6
	6 Stability of Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Experimental
		6.3 Thermal Stability
			6.3.1 Experimental – Thermal Stability
			6.3.2 Results – Thermal Stability
			6.3.3 Conclusions – Thermal Stability
		6.4 Magnetic Stability
			6.4.1 Experimental – Magnetic Stability
			6.4.2 Results – Magnetic Stability
			6.4.3 Conclusions – Magnetic Stability
		6.5 Dielectric Stability
			6.5.1 Experimental – Dielectric Stability
			6.5.2 Results – Dielectric Stability
			6.5.3 Conclusions – Dielectric Stability
		6.6 Ultrasmall Tunnel Junctions
			6.6.1 Experimental – Ultrasmall Tunnel Junctions
			6.6.2 Results – Ultrasmall Tunnel Junctions
			6.6.3 Conclusions – Ultrasmall Tunnel Junctions
		6.7 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter 7
	7 Electrodeposition of Multilayered Nanostructures
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Fundamentals of Electrodeposition
		7.3 Experimental Methods
		7.4 Electrochemical Characterization
		7.5 Structural Characterization
		7.6 Magnetoresistance
		7.7 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
Chapter 8
	8 Magnetic Anisotropies of FeO and NiMn Films
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Experimental Procedures
			8.2.1 Sample Preparation and Characterization
			8.2.2 FMR Measurements
		8.3 Experimental Results
			8.3.1 Fe_3O_4 Films on MgO(100)
			8.3.2 Ni_(77)Mn_(23) Films
		8.4 Theoretical Model
		8.5 Theoretical Analysis
			8.5.1 Fe_3O_4 Films on MgO(100)
			8.5.2 Ni_(77)Mn_(23) Films
		8.6 Conclusion
			8.6.1 Fe_3O_4 Films
			8.6.2 NiMn Films
		References
Chapter 9
	9 Low Temperature Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Iron
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Experimental Details
		9.3 Results and Discussion
		9.4 Conclusions
		References
Chapter 10
	10 Dynamics of Magnetization Reversal in Models of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Ultrathin Films
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Theory of Magnetization Switching in Anisotropic Magnets
			10.2.1 Effects of Magnetic Anisotropy
			10.2.2 Application of Nucleation Theory to Magnetization Reversal
			10.2.3 Statistical-Mechanical Model Systems
		10.3 Finite-Temperature Micromagnetics Results for Nanoparticles
		10.4 Hysteresis
			10.4.1 Hysteresis-Loop Areas
			10.4.2 Dynamic Phase Transition
		10.5 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
Chapter 11
	11 Dipolar Effects in Magnetic Nanostructures
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 The Local Dipolar Interaction
			11.2.1 Other Sources of Anisotropy
			11.2.2 Lattice Sums and Lattice Integrals
		11.3 Stable and Metastable States for Vector (XY) Spins
			11.3.1 Magnetic Domains
			11.3.2 Topological Defects
			11.3.3 Generalization to Non XY Spins
			11.3.4 Beyond Second Order Derivatives
		11.4 Dynamics: Magnetic Resonance of Topological Defects
		11.5 Comparison with Experimental and Numerical Results
Chapter 12
	12 Novel Magnetic Materials Based on HTSC-Ferrite Heterostructures and Co/SiO_2 Nanocomposites
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Magnetic Ordering and Magnetic Materials
			12.1.2 High-T_c Superconductors
			12.1.3 NMR in Magnetically Ordered Materials
			12.1.4 Other Methods Used for the Investigation of Magnetically Ordered Systems
		12.2 Properties of Nanostructured Objects
			12.2.1 Ultrathin Films and Dispersed Nanocomposites
			12.2.2 Cobalt Nanostructures
		12.3 Ferrite/Superconductor Thin Film System
		12.4 Magnetically Ordered Nanocomposites Based on Porous Media
			12.4.1 Synthesis of Cobalt Nanocomposites
			12.4.2 Characterization of the Nanocomposites
			12.4.3 NMR in Co-SiO_2 Nanocomposites
		Acknowledgements
		References
Chapter 13
	13 Influence of Nanocrystalline Ferrite Particles on Properties of Magnetic Systems
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Powder Preparation by Glass Crystallization Method (GCM)
		13.3 Magnetic Ba-ferrite Particles in Ferrofluids
			13.3.1 Motivation for Ba-ferrite Containing Ferrofluids
			13.3.2 Ferrofluid Preparation
			13.3.3 Magnetic and Structure Investigations
		Acknowledgement
		References
Chapter 14
	14 Phase Stability, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Some CMR Manganites
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Experimental
		14.3 Results and Discussions
			14.3.1 La_(1.2)(Sr_(1-x)Ca_x)_(1.8)Mn_2O_7 and Ca_(3-y)La_yMn_2O_7
			14.3.2 La_(0.)7Ce_(0.3)MnO_3 and La_(0.7)MnO_3
			14.3.3 La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)Mn_(1-x)Co_xO_3 and La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)Mn_(1-y)Cr_yO_3
		14.4 Conclusions
		References
Chapter 15
	15 Colossal Magnetoresistance in Screen Printed Manganite Films
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Processing of La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.2.1 Calcination of the Chemical Composition
			15.2.2 Fabrication of Thick Films
			15.2.3 Sintering of La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.2.4 Microstructures of La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 on Different Substrates
			15.2.5 XRD of La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films on Different Substrates
			15.2.6 Physical Properties of La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.2.7 Magnetic Properties La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.2.8 MR as a Function of Magnetisation for La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.2.9 Post-annealing of La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.2.10 Reproducibility of La_(0.67)Ca_(0.33)MnO_3 Thick Films
		15.3 Processing of La_(0.63)Y_(0.07)Ca_(0.30)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.3.1 Calcination of the Composition and Fabrication of Thick Films
			15.3.2 Sintering of La_(0.63)Y_(0.07)Ca_(0.30)MnO_3 Thick Films
			15.3.3 Microstructures of La_(0.63)Y_(0.07)Ca_(0.30)MnO_3 Thick Films on Different Substrates
			15.3.4 Physical Properties of La_(0.63)Y_(0.07)Ca_(0.30)MnO_3 Thick Films
		15.4 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
Chapter 16
	16 Device Applications Using Spin Dependent Tunneling and Nanostructured Materials
		16.1 Introduction
			16.1.1 Scope
			16.1.2 Why Magnetoresistance?
			16.1.3 Physics Background
		16.2 Applications
			16.2.1 Generic Magnetic Field Sensor
			16.2.2 Isolators
			16.2.3 Nanocrystalline Ferromagnetic Devices
			16.2.4 Magnetic Nano-particle Detection
		16.3 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References