Nanosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics of Pathogenic Bacteria

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: The Surface Biomarkers Present on the Bacterial Cell Surface
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Characteristics of Biomarkers
	1.3 Biomarkers Present on Bacterial Surfaces
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
2: Optical Nanosensors and Their Integrated Approaches for the Detection of Pathogens
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Optical Techniques for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
		2.2.1 Fluorescent Biosensors
		2.2.2 Colorimetric Biosensors
		2.2.3 SERS Biosensors
		2.2.4 SPR Biosensors
	2.3 Integrated Optical Biosensors
		2.3.1 Microfluidics-Based Detection
		2.3.2 Smartphone-Based Biosensors
		2.3.3 Paper-Based Biosensors
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3: Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Nanosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Prism-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors
		3.1.2 Optical Fibre-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors
	3.2 SPR-Based Analysis of Bacteria
		3.2.1 E. coli
		3.2.2 Tuberculosis
		3.2.3 S. Typhimurium
		3.2.4 Miscellaneous
	3.3 Conclusion and Future Outlooks
	References
4: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Nanosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Evolution of ELISA
	4.3 Pros and Cons of ELISA
	4.4 Improvement in ELISA Using Nanomaterials
	4.5 ELISA-Based Nanosensors for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
		4.5.1 Electrochemical ELISA-Based Nanosensors
		4.5.2 Optical ELISA-Based Nanosensors
	4.6 Integration of Microfluidics with ELISA-Based Nanosensor
	4.7 Challenges and Concluding Remarks
	References
5: Nanosensor-Enabled Microfluidic Biosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Development of a Microfluidic Chip Nanosensor
		5.2.1 Selection of Biomolecular Recognition Element
		5.2.2 Selection of Microfluidic Chip Material
		5.2.3 Selection of Nanomaterial (NM)
		5.2.4 Selection of Detection Technique
	5.3 Microfluidic Chip Nanosensors for Detecting Pathogenic Bacteria
		5.3.1 Electrochemical Microfluidic Chip Nanosensors
		5.3.2 Optical Microfluidic Chip Nanosensors
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6: Electrochemical/Voltammetric/Amperometric Nanosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Electrochemical Nanosensors
	6.3 Electrochemical Technique for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
		6.3.1 Amperometric Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
		6.3.2 Potentiometric Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
		6.3.3 Voltammetry Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
		6.3.4 Impedance Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
	6.4 Nanomaterials Used in the Development of Nanosensors
		6.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanotubes
		6.4.2 Nanoparticles (NPs)
		6.4.3 Graphene
		6.4.4 Other Nanomaterials
	6.5 Conclusions and Perspective
	References
7: Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)-Based Nanosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Quartz: A Piezoelectric Resonator
	7.3 Nanoparticles in Quartz Crystal Microbalance
	7.4 QCM as a Biosensor
	7.5 Receptors for Target Recognition
		7.5.1 Antigen and Antibody
		7.5.2 Probes Containing Genetic Material
		7.5.3 Nucleic Acid Probes
		7.5.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
	7.6 Detection of Pathogenic Bacterial Spores
	7.7 Detection of Campylobacter jejuni
	7.8 Detection of Salmonella typhimurium
	7.9 Detection of Listeria monocytogenes
	7.10 Detection of E. coli
	7.11 Conclusion
	7.12 Limitations and Future Perspectives
	References
8: Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)-Based Nanosensor for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
	8.3 Principle Involved in the Detection of Bacteria Using SERS
		8.3.1 Labelled Bacterial Detection
		8.3.2 Label-Free Bacterial Detection
		8.3.3 Hybrid-SERS Sensor
	8.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References