Nanoscience and nanotechnology for human health

Content: Nanomedicine: Present Accomplishments and Far-Reaching Promises XXI    Part One Introduction to Nanoscience in Medicine of the Twenty-First Century 1    1 Challenges and Opportunities of Nanotechnology for Human Health 3 Bert Muller    References 6    2 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and the Armory for the Twenty-First Century Health Care 9 Marcel Van de Voorde and Pankaj Vadgama    2.1 Conceptual Dream 9    2.2 A Real World Encounter 9    2.3 Mapping the Microcosm of Disease 10    2.4 Delivery at the Clinical    Coal Face    10    2.5 A High Precision Aim for Disease Targets 10    2.6 A Materials Revolution for Clinical Care 11    2.7 Robotics for Microrepair and Healing 12    2.8 A Dialog with Cells 12    2.9 Stealth Materials for a More Potent Delivery 13    2.10 Improved Biointerrogation for a Better Understanding 13    2.11 Crossing the Structure   Function Threshold 14    2.12 Living Implants for a Living Matrix 15    2.13 Taming the Nanointerface 15    2.14 Where are We Now? 16    2.15 Where will the Revolution Take Us? 16    2.16 Conclusions 17    References 18    3 Nanomedicine Activities in the United States and Worldwide 21 Carlotta Borsoi, Joy Wolfram, and Mauro Ferrari    3.1 Drug Delivery 22    3.2 Diagnostics 31    3.3 Scaffolds 33    3.4 Clinically Approved Nanoproducts 37    References 39    Part Two Leading Cause of Death: Cardiovascular Diseases 51    4 Challenges in Cardiovascular Treatments Using Nanotechnology-Based Approaches 53 Till Saxer and Margaret N. Holme    4.1 Introduction 53    4.2 Unmet Needs in Cardiology 54    4.3 Nanoparticles for Treatment of CVD 58    4.4 Nanotherapeutics in Surgical Interventions 62    4.5 Conclusions 65    References 66    5 Smart Container for Targeted Drug Delivery 71 Andreas Zumbuehl    5.1 Introduction 71    5.2 Liposomes 72    5.3 Shear Forces and Vesicles 76    5.4 Conclusions 79    References 79    6 Human Nano-Vesicles in Physiology and Pathology 83 Arun Cumpelik and Jurg A. Schifferli    6.1 Introduction 83    6.2 Nomenclature and Definition 84    6.3 Stimulus for Vesicle Release 85    6.4 Overview of Extracellular Vesicle Biology 86    6.5 NVs of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 88    6.6 Erythrocyte NVs 89    6.7 Platelet NVs 91    6.8 Conclusions 92    Acknowledgment 93    References 93    7 Challenges and Risks of Nanotechnology in Medicine: An Immunologist   s Point of View 97 Janos Szebeni    7.1 Introduction 97    7.2 The Immune Stimulatory Vicious Cycle 98    7.3 The Cause of Immune Recognition of Nanomedicines: Similarity to Viruses 100    7.4 Processes in the Immune Stimulatory Vicious Cycle 101    7.5 Particle Features Influencing the Immune Side Effects of Nanomedicines 109    7.6 Experimental Analysis of the Adverse Immune Effects of Nanomedicines 110    7.7 Decision Tree to Guide the Evaluation of the CARPAgenic Potential of Nanomedicines 113    7.8 Outlook 114    References 114    Part Three Second Most Common Cause of Death: Cancer 125    8 Challenges of Applying Targeted Nanostructures with Multifunctional Properties in Cancer Treatments 127 Jean-Luc Coll and Jungyoon Choi    8.1 Introduction 127    8.2 Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect 128    8.3 Physicochemical Factors that Influence NP Passive Properties 129    8.4 Targeted NPs 134    8.5 Conclusions 143    Acknowledgments 144    References 145    9 Highly Conformal Radiotherapy Using Protons 157 Antony John Lomax    9.1 Introduction 157    9.2 Proton Physics 161    9.3 Delivering Proton Therapy 165    9.4 Clinical Applications 172    9.5 The Future of Proton Therapy 177    9.6 Is There a Role for Nanotechnology in Proton Therapy? 183    References 186    10 Self-Organization on a Chip: From Nanoscale Actin Assemblies to Tumor Spheroids 191 Cora-Ann Schoenenberger and Thomas Pfohl    10.1 Introduction 192    10.2 Microfluidic Cell Culture 197    10.3 Self-Regulated Loading of Cells into Microchambers 197    10.4 2D Cell Culture in Microfluidics 200    10.5 Expanding Microfluidic Cell Culture to the Third Dimension 200    10.6 Microfluidic Biomimetic Models of Cancer 204    10.7 Future Perspectives 204    Acknowledgments 205    References 205    11 The Nanomechanical Signature of Tissues in Health and Disease 209 Daphne O. Asgeirsson, Philipp Oertle, Marko Loparic, and Marija Plodinec    11.1 Summary 209    11.2 Tissue Mechanics Across Length Scales 210    11.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Cell and Tissue Biology 211    11.4 The Nanomechanical Signature of Articular Cartilage 218    11.5 The Nanomechanical Signature of Mammary Tissues 224    11.6 AFM     The Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool of the Future 229    Acknowledgments 232    Competing Financial Interests 232    References 232    Part Four Most Common Diseases: Caries, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Incontinence, Allergies 241    12 Revealing the Nano-Architecture of Human Hard and Soft Tissues by Spatially Resolved Hard X-Ray Scattering 243 Hans Deyhle and Bert Muller    12.1 Introduction 243    12.2 Spatially Resolved Hard X-Ray Scattering 244    12.3 Nanoanatomy of Human Hard and Soft Tissues 251    12.4 Conclusions and Outlook 259    References 259    13 Regenerative Dentistry Using Stem Cells and Nanotechnology 263 Thimios A. Mitsiadis and Giovanna Orsini    13.1 Introduction 263    13.2 Repair of Dental Tissues 264    13.3 Dental Stem Cells and Their Regenerative Potential 265    13.4 Regenerative Dentistry 267    13.5 Nanotechnology in Dentistry 269    13.6 Nanoscale Surface Modifications of Dental Biomaterials 270    13.7 Concluding Remarks 279    Acknowledgments 280    References 280    14 Nanostructured Polymers for Medical Applications 293 Prabitha Urwyler and Helmut Schift    14.1 Introduction 293    14.2 Applications of Nanostructures 295    14.3 Processes for Generation of Nanotopographies 301    14.4 Surface Patterning of Microcantilevers Using Mold Inlays 303    14.5 Surface Patterning Using Plasma Etching 306    14.6 Cell Response to Surface Patterning 308    14.7 Conclusion 309    References 310    15 Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Incontinence 315 Vanessa Leung and Christian Gingert    15.1 Urinary Incontinence 316    15.2 Fecal Incontinence 321    References 327    16 Nanomedicine in Dermatology: Nanotechnology in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy 329 Kathrin Scherer Hofmeier and Christian Surber    16.1 Introduction 329    16.2 Nature of Nanoparticles 330    16.3 Absorption of Nanoparticles through Skin 333    16.4 Nanoparticles in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy 336    16.5 Regulatory Issues 344    16.6 Public Perception of Nanoparticles in Topicals 344    16.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 345    References 347    Part Five Benefiting Patients 357    17 Therapeutic Development and the Evolution of Precision Medicine 359 Gareth D. Healey and R. Steven Conlan    17.1 Origins of Nanomedicine 359    17.2 Global Nanomedicine Market 360    17.3 Nanomedicine Cabinet 361    17.4 Application of Nanomedicine     A Paradigm Shift 365    17.5 Targeted Drug Discovery and the Human Kinome 367    17.6 Translation from Discovery to the Clinic 369    17.7 Evolution of Kinase Inhibitors 370    17.8 Nanoparticle Delivery 372    17.9 Conclusions 374    References 374    18 Benefit from Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Benefitting Patients 379 Bert Muller and Marcel H. Van de Voorde    Index 383