Nanoscale Matter and Principles for Sensing and Labeling Applications (Advanced Structured Materials, 206)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Alkali Containing Molecular Ions in SIMS: A Cutting-Edge Ion-Beam Technique for Materials Quantification in Nanoscale Systems
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Ion Emission Mechanisms
	1.3 Matrix Effect: A Bottleneck in Quantitative Analysis
		1.3.1 Matrix Effect Compensation
	1.4 Composition Analysis Using MCs+-SIMS Approach
		1.4.1 Alloy and Superlattice Structures
		1.4.2 ZnO and ZnS/ZnO Heterostructured Nanowalls
	1.5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
2 Quantum-Dot-Based Fluorescence Sensing
	2.1 Quantum Dots and Confinement Effect
	2.2 Classification of Quantum Dots
	2.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots
	2.4 Quantum-Dot-Based Sensing
	2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
3 Nanomaterial for Humidity Sensor Applications
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Classification of Nanomaterials
		3.1.2 Classification of Sensors
	3.2 Types of Humidity Sensors
		3.2.1 Humidity Sensing Parameters
		3.2.2 Resistive-Type Humidity Sensors
		3.2.3 Capacitive Humidity Sensors
		3.2.4 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Humidity Sensors
		3.2.5 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Humidity Sensors
		3.2.6 Optical Fiber Humidity Sensors
	3.3 Nanomaterials Used for Humidity Sensors
	3.4 Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensing Response
	3.5 Summary
	References
4 Nanomaterial-Based Sensors for the Detection of Explosives
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Classifications of Nanomaterials-Based Sensors for the Detection of Explosives
		4.2.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials as Explosive Sensors
		4.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Explosive Sensors
		4.2.3 Quantum Dots (QDs) for Explosive Sensing
		4.2.4 Nanoporous Materials as Explosive Sensors
		4.2.5 Hybrid Nanomaterials-Based Explosive Sensors
	4.3 Polymeric Nanocomposites for Explosive Detection
	4.4 Recently Developed Nanomaterial-Based Explosive Sensors
	4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
5 Advances in Few-Layered Nanoscale Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Sensing Application
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Chemical Sensors Based on Layered Semiconducting TMDCs
		5.2.1 Electrically Transduced Chemical Sensor (ETCS)
		5.2.2 Optically Transduced Chemical Sensor
		5.2.3 Chemical Sensing Parameters
		5.2.4 Heavy Metal Ion Sensing
	5.3 Photosensors
		5.3.1 Electrical Transduction Mechanisms in Photosensors
		5.3.2 Photosensor Parameters
		5.3.3 Layered Semiconducting TMDC-Based Photosensors
		5.3.4 Scope in Dosimetry
	5.4 Summary and Outlook
	References
6 Light Scattering by One-Dimensional ZnO Nanorods and Their Applications in Optical Sensing
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Zinc Oxide: Physical and Chemical Properties
		6.2.1 One-Dimensional ZnO Nanorods
	6.3 Light Scattering by ZnO Nanorods: An Approximate Approach
		6.3.1 Side Coupling Through Scattering of Nanorods
		6.3.2 Sensing Mechanism by Scattering
		6.3.3 Loss Mechanism
		6.3.4 Estimation of the Scattering Cross Section
	6.4 Optical Sensing Using the Light Scattering by ZnO Nanorods
		6.4.1 Humidity Sensing
		6.4.2 Chemical Vapor Sensing
		6.4.3 Biomarker and Biological Sensing
	6.5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
7 Recent Advances in 1D and 2D ZnO Nanostructure-Based Photosensors
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Working Mechanism and Various Parameters of UV Photodetectors
		7.1.2 Current Scenario of Semiconductor-Based UV Photodetectors
	7.2 1D ZnO Nanostructures-Based Photosensor
		7.2.1 Pristine 1D ZnO Nanostructures and Their Photo-Sensing Applications
		7.2.2 Doped 1D ZnO Nanostructures and Their Photo-Sensing Applications
		7.2.3 ZnO-Based Heterojunction Nanostructures and Their Photo-Sensing Application
		7.2.4 Schottky Junction-Based ZnO Nanostructures and Its Photo-Sensing Application
	7.3 2D ZnO Nanostructures-Based Photosensor
	7.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
8 Recent Strategies for Development of ZnO-Based Efficient UV-Photodetectors
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 UV-Photodetection with Nanostructures
	8.3 Strategies for Efficient UV-Photodetection
		8.3.1 Microstructure and Surface Modification
		8.3.2 Electronic Structure Modification
		8.3.3 Hybrid or Composite Formation
		8.3.4 Exploiting Piezo-Phototronic Effects
	8.4 Conclusion and Future Prospect
	References
9 Sensing Nanomaterials Based on Host–Guest Interactions
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Macrocyclic Cavitands
	9.3 Nanosensor Employing Diverse Host–Guest Interactions
		9.3.1 Nanosensors Using Cyclodextrin Hosts
		9.3.2 Nanosensors Using Cucurbituril Hosts
		9.3.3 Nanosensors Using Macrocyclic Arene Hosts
		9.3.4 Nanosensors Using Pillararene Hosts
	9.4 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
10 Perovskite Nanomaterials as Advanced Optical Sensor
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Synthetic Strategies of Perovskite Nanocrystals
		10.2.1 Hot Injection Method (HI)
		10.2.2 Ligand-Assisted Re-Precipitation Method (LARP)
		10.2.3 Emulsion Synthesis
		10.2.4 Microwave and Ultrasonic Method
	10.3 Optical Sensor and Its Mechanism
		10.3.1 Static Quenching
		10.3.2 Dynamic Quenching
	10.4 Optical Sensing Applications of Perovskite Nanocrystals
		10.4.1 Metal Ion Sensing
		10.4.2 Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds
		10.4.3 Gas Sensing
		10.4.4 Humidity and Thermal Sensing
		10.4.5 Explosive Detection
	10.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges
	References
11 Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Composites for Sensing Applications
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Rigid Frameworks
		11.1.2 Dynamic or Flexible Frameworks
		11.1.3 Lewis Acid Frameworks
		11.1.4 Surface Functionalized MOFs
		11.1.5 Electrically Conducting MOFs
	11.2 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors
	11.3 MOF-Based Gas Sensors
	11.4 MOF-Based Optical Sensors
	11.5 MOF-Based Biosensors
	11.6 MOF-Based SERS Sensors
	11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
12 Electroactive Polymer-Based Nanostructures and Nanocomposites for Sensing Applications
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Sensor as the Key
		12.2.1 Various Types of Sensors
	12.3 Electroactive Polymer for Sensing
		12.3.1 Conductive Polymer-Based Sensors
		12.3.2 NO2 Gas Sensor
		12.3.3 Humidity Sensor
		12.3.4 Pressure Sensor
	12.4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
13 Nano-Reinforced Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites
		13.2.1 Ultrasonication-Assisted Solution Mixing
		13.2.2 Shear Mixing
		13.2.3 Three Roll Milling
		13.2.4 Ball Milling
		13.2.5 Double-Screw Extrusion
	13.3 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites
	13.4 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites
		13.4.1 Mechanical Properties
		13.4.2 Rheological Properties
		13.4.3 Thermal Stability
		13.4.4 Magnetic and Electric Properties
	13.5 Simulation of Polymer Nanocomposites
		13.5.1 Quantum Mechanical Simulation
		13.5.2 MC Simulation
		13.5.3 MD Simulation
		13.5.4 Mesoscopic Simulation
		13.5.5 Continuum Simulation
	13.6 Some of Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites
		13.6.1 Application of Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites in Electronics Industry
		13.6.2 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites in Photodetectors
		13.6.3 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites in Pressure Sensors
		13.6.4 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites in Energy Storage Devices
	13.7 Summary and Future Outlook
	References
14 Carbon Dots and Their Sensing Behavior in Organic Medium
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Synthesis Method
		14.2.1 Top-Down
		14.2.2 Bottom-Up
	14.3 Hydrophilicity
	14.4 Origin of Fluorescence
	14.5 Sensing Mechanism
		14.5.1 Static Quenching
		14.5.2 Dynamic Quenching
	14.6 Sensing Applications
		14.6.1 Cations
		14.6.2 Anions
		14.6.3 Small Molecules
	14.7 Detection of TNP in Organic Medium
		14.7.1 Synthesis of Hydrophobic CDs
		14.7.2 Sensing Protocol
		14.7.3 Sensing Behavior
		14.7.4 Stability of the Sensor
		14.7.5 Selectivity of the Sensor
		14.7.6 PL Quenching Mechanism
	14.8 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
15 An Overview of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Derivatives for Different Sensing Applications
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for Sensing
		15.2.1 Graphene-Based Sensing Applications: A 2D Sensing Platform
		15.2.2 Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensing Applications: A 1D Sensing Platform
		15.2.3 Fullerene Based Sensing Platform: A 0D Sensing Platform
		15.2.4 Nanoflower for Sensing Applications: A 3D Sensing Platform
		15.2.5 Carbon Dots as Sensing Platforms: A 0D Sensing Platform
	15.3 Working Principle of Carbon-Based Sensing Interface
	15.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
		15.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as Biosensors
		15.4.2 Graphene Oxide as Biosensor
		15.4.3 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) as Biosensor
	15.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Agricultural Applications
		15.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Sensing in Agriculture
		15.5.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) in Agricultural Sensing
	15.6 Limitations and Challenges of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials in Sensing
	15.7 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
16 Development of Carbon Dots and Nanohybrids for Biosensing and Bioimaging Relevance
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Preparation of CDs and Doped CDs
		16.2.1 Synthesis of CDs by Top-Down Approach
		16.2.2 CD by Bottom-Up Approach
		16.2.3 Doped CD-Based Nanohybrids
	16.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of CDs
	16.4 Applications
		16.4.1 Nano Sensing Applications
		16.4.2 Biosensing and Biospecificity
		16.4.3 Bioimaging
	16.5 Conclusions and Future Prospective
	References
17 Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensor Based on Graphene Derivatives
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Traditional Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensors
	17.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensors
		17.3.1 Advantage of Graphene—The Miracle Material
	17.4 Different Derivatives of Graphene for Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensors
		17.4.1 Pristine Graphene
		17.4.2 Chemically Modified Graphene
		17.4.3 Graphene Composites
	17.5 Gas Sensing Mechanism of Graphene–Based Sensors
	17.6 Future Scope and Conclusion
	References
18 Pulsed Laser-Mediated Phototherapeutic Mechanisms for Biomedical Applications
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Plasmonics
		18.2.1 Bulk Plasmons and Surface Plasmons (SPs)
		18.2.2 Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)
		18.2.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Wave Absorption and Scattering in Plasmonics
	18.3 Pulsed Laser-Induced Phototherapy Mechanisms
		18.3.1 Photothermal Mechanisms
		18.3.2 Photoacoustic Mechanisms
		18.3.3 LSPR in Photothermal and Photoacoustic Mechanisms
	18.4 Tuning LSPR by Controlling Size, Shape, and Refractive Index
		18.4.1 Size Dependence of MNPs on LSPR
		18.4.2 Effect of Shape of Plasmonic MNPs on LSPR
		18.4.3 Dependence of Dielectric Constants on LSPR
	18.5 Applications of Pulsed Laser-Induced Therapy Using Plasmonics
	18.6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
19 Plasmonic Nanostructures for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 The Fundamental Properties of Plasmonic Nanostructures
	19.3 Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanostructures
	19.4 Types of (Bio) Sensors
		19.4.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance Optical Sensor
		19.4.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensor
		19.4.3 Electrochemical (Bio) Sensors
	19.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References
20 Morphology-Dependent Biosensing of Metallic Nanoparticles
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Plasmonic Properties of Metallic Nanoparticles
	20.3 Advantages of Biosensors
	20.4 Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles and Their Characteristics
		20.4.1 Gold (Au)
		20.4.2 Silver (Ag)
		20.4.3 Copper (Cu)
	20.5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
21 Structural and Optical Phenomena of Thermally Treated Fullerene-Based Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles for Sensing Applications
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Synthesis of Metal-Matrix-Based Nanocomposites
		21.2.1 Annealing Studies in Cu-Fullerene Nanocomposite
		21.2.2 Annealing Studies in Ag-Fullerene Nanocomposite
		21.2.3 Annealing Studies in Au-Fullerene Nanocomposites
	21.3 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
22 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensors for Antibiotic Residue Detection
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment
		22.2.1 Effects of Antibiotic Residues on Living Organisms
		22.2.2 Common Antibiotic Residue Detection Methods
		22.2.3 Biosensors and Their Types
	22.3 Theory of Surface Plasmons
		22.3.1 Plasmons and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
		22.3.2 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)
	22.4 SPR Biosensors for Antibiotic Detection
	22.5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
23 Advances in Luminescence-Based Biosensing with Quantum Dots
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Advantages of Quantum Dots
	23.3 Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescent Biosensor
		23.3.1 Quantum Dot-Based Sensing Through Fluorescence Quenching Analysis
		23.3.2 QD Biosensors Based on FRET Technique
	23.4 QD Biosensors Based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET)
	23.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
24 Recent Advances in Rare-Earth Based Persistent Luminescent Probes
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Background
		24.2.1 Down Conversion RENPs (DC-RENPS)
		24.2.2 UP Conversion RENPs (UC-RENPS)
		24.2.3 Persistence Luminescence RENPs (PerL RENPs)
	24.3 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
25 Nanomaterial-Based Sensors for Macrolide Sensing
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Methods of Detection: Conventional Methods Versus Nanomaterials-Based Methods
	25.3 Applications for Macrolides Sensing Using Nanomaterials
		25.3.1 Optical Sensors with Nanomaterials for Macrolides Detection
		25.3.2 Electrochemical Sensors with Nanomaterials for Macrolides Detection
	25.4 Challenges and Prospects
	25.5 Conclusions
	References
26 The Physics of Biofunctionality in Nanoconfined Systems
	26.1 Physics of Confinement
	26.2 Physics Under Nanoconfinement
	26.3 Biofunctionality
	26.4 Biofunctionality Under Nanoconfinement
	26.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
27 Development of Rapidly Quenched Amorphous-Nanostructured Materials for Sensor Applications
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Magnetostrictive Sensor (MsS) Technology
		27.2.1 Preparation of MsS Sensor Material
		27.2.2 Magnetic Property Considerations
		27.2.3 MsS Transducer Methodology
		27.2.4 Configuration of Transducer-Sensing System
		27.2.5 MsS Measurement System and Application
	27.3 Giant Magneto-Impedance (GMI)-Based Technology
		27.3.1 Preparation of Microwires
		27.3.2 Measurement of GMI Behavior
		27.3.3 Scope of GMI Sensor
	27.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
28 Magnetic Nanostructures for Transport Control and Sensing Applications
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Magneto-Transport Phenomena
		28.2.1 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
		28.2.2 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR)
		28.2.3 Spin-Torque Transfer (STT)
	28.3 Magnetic Nanostructures and Materials
	28.4 Magnetic Nanomaterials
		28.4.1 FeCo Nanoparticles
		28.4.2 CMR Nanomaterials
		28.4.3 Co/Pt Multilayer
		28.4.4 CoFe/Bi/Co Multilayers
		28.4.5 Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ)
	28.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References