Nanomaterials: Advances and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Nanomaterials: Advances and Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgememts
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1. An Overview of Nanomaterials: History, Fundamentals, and Applications
	1.1 Historial Overview
	1.2 What Happened at the Nanoscale?
	1.3 Classification of Nanomaterials
	1.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		1.4.1 Top-Down Approach
		1.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach
		1.4.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials
	1.5 Applications of Nanomaterials
	1.6 Conclusions
	References
2. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotube, Fullerene, and Carbon Dots
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials
		2.2.1 CNT Synthesis
		2.2.2 Fullerene Synthesis
		2.2.3 Carbon Dot Synthesis
	2.3 Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials
	2.4 Application of Carbon Nanomaterials
		2.4.1 Energy Storage Application
		2.4.2 Biomedical Applications
		2.4.3 Electrochemical Sensing
	2.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
3. Graphene-Based Materials: Synthesis and Applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Synthesis of Graphene
		3.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
		3.2.2 Graphite Intercalation
		3.2.3 Chemical Synthesis
		3.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		3.2.5 Epitaxial Growth on Silicon Carbide (SiC)
		3.2.6 Growth from Metal–Carbon Melts
		3.2.7 Other Methods
	3.3 Characterization of Graphene-Related Materials
		3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		3.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		3.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
		3.3.4 Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis)
		3.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		3.3.6 Raman Spectroscopy
	3.4 Applications of Graphene Materials
		3.4.1 Field-Effect Transistors (FET)
		3.4.2 Sensors
		3.4.3 Transparent Conductive Films
		3.4.4 Battery
		3.4.5 Solar Cell
	3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
4. Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
	4.3 Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles
		4.3.1 Spectroscopic Characterization
		4.3.2 SEM Analysis
		4.3.3 TEM Analysis
		4.3.4 AFM Analysis
		4.3.5 FTIR Analysis
		4.3.6 XRD Analysis
	4.4 Metal Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
		4.4.1 Chemotherapy
		4.4.2 Phototherapy
		4.4.3 Immunotherapy
		4.4.4 Radiotherapy
		4.4.5 Gene Silencing
	4.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
5. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, Characterization, and Applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Synthesis of MONPs
		5.2.1 Physical Methods
		5.2.2 Chemical Methods
		5.2.3 Green Synthesis
	5.3 Characterizations of MONPs
	5.4 Properties of MONPs
		5.4.1 Optical Properties
		5.4.2 Transport Properties
		5.4.3 Mechanical Properties
		5.4.4 Thermal Properties
	5.5 Applications of MONPs
		5.5.1 Solar Cells (SCs)
		5.5.2 Batteries
		5.5.3 Sensors
		5.5.4 Fuel Cells
		5.5.5 Biomedical Applications
		5.5.6 Wastewater Treatment
	5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
6. Nanocrystalline High Entropy Alloys and Oxides as Emerging Materials for Functional Applications
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Definition of HEAs
		6.1.2 High Entropy Effect
		6.1.3 Sluggish Diffusion Effect
		6.1.4 Severe Lattice Distortion
		6.1.5 Cocktail Effect
	6.2 Prediction of Phase Formation Through Thermodynamic Parameters
	6.3 High Entropy Oxides
	6.4 Synthesis of HEAs and HEOs
		6.4.1 Synthesis Through Mechanical Alloying
		6.4.2 Synthesis Through Microwave-Assisted Method
		6.4.3 Chemical Routes of Synthesis
	6.5 Properties of HEAs and HEOs
		6.5.1 Mechanical Properties
		6.5.2 Magnetic Properties
	6.6 Advanced Functional Applications of HEAs and HEOs
		6.6.1 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
		6.6.2 HEAs as Hydrogen Storage Materials
		6.6.3 Waste Water Treatment
		6.6.4 Catalyst Materials
		6.6.5 Microwave Absorbing Materials
	6.7 Conclusions and Future Outlooks
	References
7. Layered Chalcogenides: Evolution from Bulk to Nano-Dimension for Renewable Energy Perspectives
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
		7.2.1 Top-Down Methods
		7.2.2 Bottom-Up Methods
	7.3 Properties of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
		7.3.1 Electronic Properties
		7.3.2 Optical Properties
		7.3.3 Thermal Properties
		7.3.4 Magnetic Properties
		7.3.5 Mechanical Properties
	7.4 Application of TMDCs
		7.4.1 Application of 2D TMDCs as Photodetectors
		7.4.2 Application of 2D TMDCs for Gas Sensing
		7.4.3 Application of 2D TMDCs in Green Energy Harvesting
		7.4.4 Application of 2D TMDCs in Green Electronics for Low-Power and High-Performance Integrated Circuits
		7.4.5 Application of 2D TMDCs in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Application
		7.4.6 Application of 2D TMDCs for Wastewater Treatment
		7.4.7 Biomedical Application of 2D TMDCs
	7.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
8. Recent Escalations in MXenes: From Fundamental to Applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Preparation of MXene Such as Transition Metal Nitrides and Carbides
		8.2.1 Top-Down Technique
		8.2.2 Bottom-Up Technique
	8.3 Properties of MXene
		8.3.1 Mechanical Properties
		8.3.2 Thermal Properties
		8.3.3 Structural Properties
		8.3.4 Magnetic Properties
		8.3.5 Optical Properties
		8.3.6 Electronic Properties
	8.4 Applications
		8.4.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
		8.4.2 Supercapacitors (SCs)
		8.4.3 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
		8.4.4 Sensors
		8.4.5 Other Sensors
	8.5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
9. Nanocomposite Ceramics for Energy Harvesting
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Classification of Nanocomposites Ceramics
	9.3 Synthesis and Processing Techniques of Nanocomposite Ceramics
		9.3.1 Solid-State Route
		9.3.2 Sol–Gel Method
		9.3.3 Pechini Method
		9.3.4 Laser Synthesis Route
		9.3.5 Melt Synthesis Route
		9.3.6 Co-precipitation Route
		9.3.7 Hydrothermal Synthesis
	9.4 Characterization of Nanocomposites Ceramics
	9.5 Physical Properties of Ceramic Nanocomposite
		9.5.1 Mechanical Properties
		9.5.2 Thermal Properties
		9.5.3 Optical Properties
		9.5.4 Magnetic Properties
		9.5.5 Electrical Properties
	9.6 Applications of Nanocomposite Ceramics
	9.7 Nanocomposite Ceramics for Energy Conversion and Storage
		9.7.1 Nanocomposite Ceramics for Fuel Cells (NANOCOFC)
		9.7.2 Nanocomposite Ceramics for Solar Cells
		9.7.3 Nanocomposite Ceramics for Batteries
		9.7.4 Nanocomposite Ceramics for Supercapacitor
	9.8 Nanocomposite Ceramics Applications in Energy Harvesting
		9.8.1 Multifunctional Materials for Energy Harvester and Sensor
		9.8.2 Piezoelectric, Mechano-Magneto-Electric, and Triboelectric Energy Harvesting
		9.8.3 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting
	9.9 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References
10. Polymeric Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Recent Applications
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Synthesis of Polymeric Nanocomposite
		10.2.1 Solution Casting
		10.2.2 Melt Intercalation
		10.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization
		10.2.4 Template Synthesis
		10.2.5 Exfoliation Adsorption Process
	10.3 Properties of Polymeric Nanocomposites
	10.4 Characterization of Polymeric Nanocomposites
		10.4.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		10.4.2 Electron Microscopy
		10.4.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
		10.4.4 Thermal Analysis
	10.5 Applications of Polymeric Nanocomposites
		10.5.1 Biomedical Applications: Drug Delivery; Cancer Therapeutics; Gene Delivery
		10.5.2 Corrosion Control
		10.5.3 Fuel Cell Applications
		10.5.4 Semiconductor
		10.5.5 Thermal Conductive
		10.5.6 Microelectronics, Optoelectronics, and Sensors
		10.5.7 Magnetic Storage
	10.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
11. Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Nanotechnology Explored in the Biomedical Field
		11.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		11.2.2 Lipid Nanoparticles
		11.2.3 Metallic Nanoparticles
		11.2.4 Non-metallic Nanoparticles
	11.3 Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials
		11.3.1 Drug Delivery
		11.3.2 Gene Delivery
		11.3.3 Diagnosis and Imaging
		11.3.4 Biosensors
		11.3.5 Tissue and Implant Engineering
		11.3.6 Therapeutic Potential of Nanomaterials
	11.4 Theranostic Applications of Nanomaterials
		11.4.1 Recent Developments in Theragnostic Applications Using Nanomaterials
	11.5 Recent Advancements in Nanotechnology
	11.6 Limitations of Nanoparticles for the Biomedical Application
	11.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
12. Nanomaterials in Animal Nutrition and Disease Treatment: Recent Developments and Future Aspects
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Animal Health: General Aspect
	12.3 Use of Nanomaterials as a Nutritional Supplement
		12.3.1 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		12.3.2 Selenium Nanoparticles
		12.3.3 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
		12.3.4 Other Nanomaterials
	12.4 Strategies to Treat Animal Diseases Using Nanoparticles
		12.4.1 Bacterial Infections
		12.4.2 Viral Diseases
		12.4.3 Protozoan Diseases
		12.4.4 Others
	12.5 Nanotechnology-Enabled Vaccines for Animal Diseases
		12.5.1 Viral Diseases
		12.5.2 Bacterial Diseases
		12.5.3 Parasitic Diseases
	12.6 Nanomaterial-Based Nutraceuticals
	12.7 Limitations of Using Nanoparticles for Animal Health and Nutrition and Way Forward
	12.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References