Nanomaterials in Bionanotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Nanomaterials: An Overview toward Broad-Spectrum Applications
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biomedical Applications
	1.3 Environmental Applications
	1.4 Agricultural Applications
	1.5 Energy
	1.6 Miscellaneous Applications
		1.6.1 Automobile Industry
		1.6.2 Dentistry
	1.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2 Nanomaterials’ Properties, Classification, Synthesis, and Characterization
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Properties
		2.2.1 Physiochemical Properties
			2.2.1.1 Melting Point and Temperature
			2.2.1.2 Wettability
			2.2.1.3 Pore Size and Surface Area
			2.2.1.4 Quantum Confinement
			2.2.1.5 Interface Property
			2.2.1.6 Structural Properties
			2.2.1.7 Thermal Properties
			2.2.1.8 Chemical Properties
			2.2.1.9 Mechanical Properties
			2.2.1.10 Magnetic Properties
			2.2.1.11 Optical Properties
			2.2.1.12 Vibrational Properties
		2.2.2 Biological Properties
			2.2.2.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
			2.2.2.2 Phosphatase Mimetic Activity
	2.3 Nanomaterials’ Classification
		2.3.1 Zero-Dimensional
		2.3.2 One-Dimensional
		2.3.3 Two-Dimensional
		2.3.4 3D Nanostructures
	2.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		2.4.1 Physicochemical Synthesis Methods
			2.4.1.1 Chemical Reduction Method
			2.4.1.2 Direct Dispersion Method
			2.4.1.3 Aerogel
			2.4.1.4 Xerogel
			2.4.1.5 Cryogel
			2.4.1.6 Microemulsion
			2.4.1.7 Ball Milling Process
			2.4.1.8 Hydrothermal Process and Solvothermal Method
			2.4.1.9 Sol–Gel Process
			2.4.1.10 Polymerization
			2.4.1.11 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
			2.4.1.12 Thermal Decomposition and Pulsed Laser Ablation
			2.4.1.13 Template Synthesis
			2.4.1.14 Sonochemical Processing
			2.4.1.15 Combustion
			2.4.1.16 Gas-Phase Methods
			2.4.1.17 Arc Discharge/Plasma
		2.4.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	2.5 Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials
		2.5.1 Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Visible) Spectroscopy
		2.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
		2.5.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		2.5.4 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS/EDX)
		2.5.5 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
		2.5.6 Zeta Potential
		2.5.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
		2.5.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		2.5.9 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
		2.5.10 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
		2.5.11 PL Spectroscopy
		2.5.12 Raman Spectroscopy
		2.5.13 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
			2.5.13.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
			2.5.13.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
	2.6 Conclusion and Prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 3 Biological Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Advantages
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Nanomaterial Synthesis Methods
		3.2.1 Chemical Synthesis
			3.2.1.1 Chemical Reduction Method
			3.2.1.2 Microemulsion/Colloidal Method
			3.2.1.3 Sonochemical Method
			3.2.1.4 Electrochemical Synthesis Method (EC)
			3.2.1.5 Solvothermal Decomposition
		3.2.2 Physical Synthesis
			3.2.2.1 Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA)
			3.2.2.2 Mechanical/High Ball Milling Method
			3.2.2.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis
			3.2.2.4 Pulsed Wire Discharge Method (PWD)
		3.2.3 Biological Synthesis
			3.2.3.1 Bacteria in Biological Nanoparticle Synthesis
			3.2.3.2 Fungi in Biological Nanoparticle Synthesis
			3.2.3.3 Algae in Biological Nanoparticle Synthesis
			3.2.3.4 Plants in Biological Nanoparticle Synthesis
	3.3 Conclusion and Prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Chemistry Revolving around Nanomaterial-Based Technology
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Chemical Properties
	4.3 Synthesis and Processing
		4.3.1 Laser Ablation
		4.3.2 Ball Milling
		4.3.3 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
		4.3.4 Sputtering
		4.3.5 Nanolithography
		4.3.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
		4.3.7 Solgel
		4.3.8 Spray Pyrolysis
		4.3.9 Coprecipitation
		4.3.10 Electrochemical Deposition
		4.3.11 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
		4.3.12 Inert Gas Condensation Process
		4.3.13 Hydrothermal Synthesis
		4.3.14 Green Synthesis
	4.4 Applications
		4.4.1 Catalysis
		4.4.2 Medicine
		4.4.3 Drug Delivery
		4.4.4 Tissue Engineering
		4.4.5 Wounds
		4.4.6 Nanowire Compositions
		4.4.7 Nanoenzymes
	4.5 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Chapter 5 Emergent Nanomaterials and Their Composite Fabrication for Multifunctional Applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Importance of Mixed Metal Oxide Composites
	5.3 Production of Various Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Using Chemical and Bioengineered Routes
	5.4 Emerging Nanomaterials and Their Composites in Environmental and Biological Applications
		5.4.1 Photocatalytic Performance
		5.4.2 Antibacterial Activity
		5.4.3 Anticancer Activity
	5.5 Conclusions, Outlook, and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 6 Current Scenario of Nanomaterials in the Environmental, Agricultural, and Biomedical Fields
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Application of Nanomaterial in Biomedical Fields
		6.2.1 Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Activities
		6.2.2 Anti-ulcer Activity
		6.2.3 Antiallergic Activity
		6.2.4 Effects on Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
	6.3 Applications of Nanomaterials for the Treatment of the Heavily Polluted Environment
		6.3.1 Pesticides
		6.3.2 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon
		6.3.3 Heavily Polluted Soil with Heavy Metals
	6.4 Application of Nanomaterials in Agriculture
		6.4.1 Nanomaterials as Seed Enhancers/Growth Stimulator
		6.4.2 Nanomaterials as Biopesticide
	6.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 7 Nanomaterials for Environmental Hazard: Analysis, Monitoring, and Removal
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Environmental Situation
		7.1.2 Nanotechnological Three-Way Cyclic Approach
	7.2 Operational Management
	7.3 NMs for Environmental Water Analysis
		7.3.1 Content Analysis: Recognition of Hazardous Pollutants
		7.3.2 NSs for Uncovering Water Contaminants
	7.4 NMs for Environmental Water Monitoring
		7.4.1 Monitoring of Constituents and Contents Present
		7.4.2 NSs as Examiners of Water Toxicants
		7.4.3 Vehicles for Monitoring the Unwanted Analytes
	7.5 Undesired Toxicants in Water Segments: Removal
		7.5.1 NPs for Water Remediation
		7.5.2 M/MOs/MOAs as Photocatalytic Degraders/Nano-Adsorbents
		7.5.3 NCs as Photocatalytic Degraders/Nano-Adsorbents/Nanofilters
		7.5.4 Carbon Derivatives as Photocatalytic Degraders/Nano-Adsorbents/Nanofilters
	7.6 Conclusions and Pioneering Outlook
	References
Chapter 8 Recent Development in Agriculture Based on Nanomaterials
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Organic Nanoparticles
	8.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
	8.4 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
	8.5 Composite Nanoparticles
	8.6 Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities
	8.7 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Chapter 9 Utility of Nanomaterials in Food Processing and Packaging
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Nanomaterials in Food Sector: Keeping Food Quality
	9.3 Nanomaterials in Food Processing
		9.3.1 Color Enhancement
		9.3.2 Flavor Control
		9.3.3 Nutrient Delivery
		9.3.4 Nutraceuticals Delivery
	9.4 Nanomaterials in Food Packaging
		9.4.1 Reinforcement of Mechanical Strength
		9.4.2 Gas Barriers
		9.4.3 Microbial Blocking
		9.4.4 Oxygen Scavenger
		9.4.5 Oxygen Sensors
		9.4.6 Microbial Growth Indicators
		9.4.7 Time–Temperature Indicators
	9.5 Standards and Regulations Applied to Nanomaterials in Food Industry
	9.6 Discussion
	9.7 Conclusion and Prospect
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 10 Role of Nanomaterials in Improving the Bioavailability of Functional Components
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bioavailability of Functional Components
	10.3 Fabrication Methods of Food-Grade Nanomaterials
		10.3.1 Top-Down Methods
		10.3.2 Bottom-Up Methods
	10.4 Classification of Food-Grade Nanomaterials
		10.4.1 Lipid-Based Nanomaterials
			10.4.1.1 Nanoemulsions
			10.4.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanomaterials
			10.4.1.3 Phospholipid Nanomaterials
			10.4.1.4 Surfactant Structures
		10.4.2 Nature-Inspired Nanomaterials
			10.4.2.1 Casein Micelle
			10.4.2.2 Nanocrystal
			10.4.2.3 Cyclodextrin
			10.4.2.4 Amylose
		10.4.3 Special Equipment–Based Nanomaterial Formulation
		10.4.4 Biopolymer Nanomaterials
	10.5 Safety of Nanomaterials Applied in a Food Matrix
	10.6 Conclusion and Prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11 Advancement of Nanomaterials in the Biomedical Field for Disease Diagnosis
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Nanoparticles in Anatomical and Functional Imaging
		11.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles
		11.2.2 Contrast Nanoparticles
		11.2.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP)
	11.3 Fluorescence Imaging
		11.3.1 Radioactive Probes
		11.3.2 Indocyanine Green Fluorescence (ICG)
		11.3.3 Cadmium Selenide Fluorescence Imaging
		11.3.4 Near-Infrared Fluorescence (NIR)
		11.3.5 Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging
		11.3.6 Nanophosphors
		11.3.7 Immunofluorescence Imaging
		11.3.8 Holographic X-ray Imaging
		11.3.9 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
	11.4 Nanoparticles for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics
		11.4.1 Polydopamine (PDA)
		11.4.2 Diamond Nanoparticles
		11.4.3 Quantum Dots
		11.4.4 Carbon-Based Nanoparticle
			11.4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
			11.4.4.2 Fullerenes
			11.4.4.3 Graphene
		11.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PN)
		11.4.6 Liposomes
		11.4.7 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
		11.4.8 Microarrays
		11.4.9 Redox Sensor: Proton Transistor
	11.5 Nanobiosensors
		11.5.1 Nanobiosensors Using Tissues and Cells
		11.5.2 Nanobiosensor Enzyme
	11.6 Cancer Diagnosis
	11.7 Infectious Disease Diagnosis
	11.8 Implants and Tissue Engineering
	11.9 Advantages and Limitations of Nano-Based Materials in Medical Field
	11.10 Conclusion and Prospects
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 12 Advancement of Metal Nanomaterials in Biosensing Application for Disease Diagnosis
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Metal Nanomaterials for Biosensor Application
		12.2.1 Plasmonic Nanomaterials
		12.2.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials
		12.2.3 Fluorescent Nanomaterials
	12.3 Analytical Techniques for Metal Nanomaterial-Integrated Biosensors
		12.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
		12.3.2 Fluorescent/Colorimetric Biosensors
			12.3.2.1 Fluorescent/FRET-Based Biosensors
			12.3.2.2 Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF)-Based Biosensors
			12.3.2.3 Colorimetric Biosensors
		12.3.3 Plasmonic-Based Biosensors
			12.3.3.1 Raman-Based Biosensors
			12.3.3.2 SPR-Based Biosensors
		12.3.4 Magnetic Biosensors
	12.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD)-Based Biosensors
	12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	Authors’ Statement
	References
Chapter 13 Utility of Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine for Disease Treatment
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Classification of Nanomaterials as Nanomedicine
		13.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
			13.2.1.1 PLGA Nanoparticles
			13.2.1.2 Eudragit Nanoparticles
			13.2.1.3 Chitosan Nanoparticles
		13.2.2 Protein NPs
			13.2.2.1 Gelatin NPs
			13.2.2.2 Albumin NPs
			13.2.2.3 Zein Nanoparticles
		13.2.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
		13.2.4 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC)
		13.2.5 Dendrimers
		13.2.6 Vesicular Systems
			13.2.6.1 Liposomes
			13.2.6.2 Niosomes
			13.2.6.3 Ethosomes
			13.2.6.4 Emulsomes
		13.2.7 Carbon Nanotubes
		13.2.8 Metallic Nanoparticles
			13.2.8.1 Gold Nanoparticles
			13.2.8.2 Silver Nanoparticles
			13.2.8.3 Silica Nanoparticles
			13.2.8.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
	13.3 Applications of Nanomaterials as Nanomedicine
		13.3.1 Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery
		13.3.2 Nanomaterials in Gene Delivery
		13.3.3 Nanomaterials in Biomacromolecules’ Delivery
		13.3.4 Nanomaterials in Herbal Drug Delivery
		13.3.5 Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering
	13.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	Conflict of Interest
	Funding
	References
Index