Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology: Biomedical, Environmental, and Industrial Applications (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

Contents
About the Editors
1 Nanotechnology: Concepts and Potential Applications in Medicine
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanoparticles: Composition, Synthesis and Characterization
		2.1 Lipid Nanoparticles
		2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
	3 Targeted Nanoparticles
		3.1 Antibody Targeted Nanocarriers
		3.2 Peptide Targeted Nanocarriers
		3.3 Folate Targeted Nanocarriers
		3.4 Transferrin Targeted Nanocarriers
		3.5 Saccharide Targeted Nanocarriers
	4 In Vitro Studies for Nanoparticles Evaluation
		4.1 Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake
	5 In Vivo Studies of Nanoparticles
		5.1 Pharmacokinetics of Nanoparticles
		5.2 Barriers to Nanoparticles Penetration in the Tumor Microenvironment
		5.3 Evaluation of the in Vivo Effectiveness of Nanoparticulate Anticancer Drugs
	6 Clinical Applications
	7 Conclusion
	Reference
2 Biopolymers for Eco-Safe Remediation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Remediation
		1.2 International Environmental Legislation
	2 Metal Toxic Levels: Soil, Water
	3 Pesticides
	4 Biopolymers
		4.1 Chitosan
		4.2 Cellulose
		4.3 Carrageenan
	5 Conclusion
	References
3 Magnetite-Zeolite Nanocomposite Applied to Remediation of Polluted Aquatic Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Magnetite Nanocomposites
	3 Magnetite-Zeolite Nanocomposite
		3.1 Nanocomposite Synthesis
		3.2 Nanocomposite Characterizations
		3.3 Adsorption Process Using Nanocomposites
	4 Conclusions
	References
4 Chitosan Nanoparticle: Alternative for Sustainable Agriculture
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan Properties
	3 Nanomaterials
	4 Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles
		4.1 Covalent Crosslinking
		4.2 Coacervation/Precipitation
		4.3 Reverse Micellization
		4.4 Ionic Cross-Linking/Complexation
		4.5 Chemically Modified Chitosan
	5 Chitosan Nanoparticles’ Applications
		5.1 Pharmaceuticals
		5.2 Biomedical
		5.3 Cosmetic
		5.4 Foods
		5.5 Textiles
		5.6 Agriculture
		5.7 Paper
		5.8 Enzyme Immobilization/Applications
	6 Future Trends
	7 Conclusions
	References
5 Nanotechnology as a Tool for Contaminants Detection in Milk or Milk Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Major Contaminants of Milk or Milk Products
	3 Nanotechnology in Milk Contaminant Detection
		3.1 Employing Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Property of Nanostructures
		3.2 Nanoparticles Based Colorimetric Detection
		3.3 Nanoparticle Based Fluorescence Assays
		3.4 Nanoparticle Based on-off Apta-Assays
		3.5 Nanotechnology Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay
		3.6 Nanotechnology Based Electrochemical Biosensor
		3.7 Other Nanoparticle Based Assays
	4 Conclusion
	References
6 Natural Polymers in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
	1 Definitions and Classification of Pharmaceutical Polymers
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Polymer Classification
	2 Applications of Natural Polymers for the Design of Drug Delivery Systems
		2.1 Natural Polymers in the Design of Drug Delivery Systems
	3 Natural Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
		3.1 Nanoparticles Based on Proteins
		3.2 Nanoparticles Based on Polysaccharides
	4 Vectorization of Nanoparticles Elaborated with Natural Polymers
		4.1 Vectorization with Chitosan
		4.2 Vectorization with Other Natural Polymers
	5 Gene Therapy Using Nanoparticles Prepared with Natural Polymers
	6 Special Requirements in the Characterization of Excipients and Nanoparticles Elaborated with Natural Polymers
		6.1 Size Analysis
		6.2 Shape and Morphology
		6.3 Surface Properties and Stability
		6.4 Interactions Between Polymers and Drugs
	7 Nanotoxicology of Natural Polymers Used in the Pharmaceutical Area
	8 Conclusions and Future Trends
	References
7 Progress and Challengers of Nanomaterials in Water Contamination
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Decontamination
		2.1 Adsorption and Separation
		2.2 Sensing
		2.3 Disinfection
		2.4 Catalysis
	3 Nanomateriais
		3.1 Metal and Metal Oxides Nanomaterials
		3.2 Copper-Based Nanomaterials (CuBNMs)
		3.3 Iron-Based Nanomaterials for Water Decontamination
		3.4 Nanometal Oxides and Polymers Supports
		3.5 Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles
		3.6 Challenges in Pollutant Removal
	4 Final Considerations
	References
8 New Advances of the Nanotechnology in Textile Engineering: Functional Finishing with Quantum Dots and Others Nanoparticles
	1 Nanotechnology as Industrial Innovation
		1.1 R&D in Nanotechnology
		1.2 Nanotechnology in Textile Engineering
	2 Functional Finishing with Quantum Dots and Others Nanoparticles
		2.1 Antimicrobial and Colored Nanofinishing with Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots on Textile Materials
		2.2 Photocatalytic and Self-cleaning Nanofinishing with Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots on Textile Materials
		2.3 UV Protection Nanofinishing with Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots on Textile Materials
		2.4 Luminescents Nanofinishing with Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots on Textile Materials
		2.5 Flame Retardants Nanofinishing with Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots on Textile Materials
		2.6 Textile Fabric Nanofinished with Carbon Nanotubes to Smart Batteries and Sensor Applications
	3 Conclusion
	References
9 Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanoparticles Characteristics
	3 Surface Functionalization: A Targeting Strategy for Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis
	4 Drug Delivery Systems
	5 Radiolabeling Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
	6 Magnetohyperthermia
	7 Gene Delivery
	8 Conclusion
	References
10 Nanoparticles by Ultrasound Irradiation: Organic and Inorganic Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Ultrasound Irradiation: Overview
	3 Inorganic Nanoparticles: The Concepts of Sonochemistry and Applications
	4 Organic Nanoparticles: Miniemulsion Technique and Applications
		4.1 Miniemulsion Concept
		4.2 Nanocapsules X Nanoparticles: What Is the Difference?
		4.3 Nanocapsules via Interfacial Crosslinking Template
	5 Final Remarks
	References
11 Titanates Nanotubes and Nanoribbons Applied in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
	1 Introduction
	2 Titanium Dioxide TiO2
	3 Nanostructures
	4 Titanate Nanostructures
		4.1 Formation of Nanotubes Titanate by Hydrothermal Synthesis
		4.2 Nanostructured Photoelectrodes for the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
		4.3 Properties of the Titanate Nanostructures
		4.4 Optical and Electrical Properties of the Titanate Nanostructures
		4.5 Conductivity Properties
		4.6 Preparation of the Titanate Nanotubes and Nanoribbons
		4.7 Applying the Titanate Nanostructures in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
	5 Structural Characterization
		5.1 X-Ray Diffraction
	6 Raman Spectroscopy
	7 Morphology
		7.1 Morphology of the Nanotubes and Nanoribbons Films of Titanate and TiO2 on FTO
		7.2 Optical Characterization of the TiO2 and Titanate Films with and Without Thermal Treatment
		7.3 Photoelectrochemistry Characterization of the Cells Assembled with the Films of TiO2, NaTiNT, and NaTiNT-Ribbons with and Without Thermal Treatment
		7.4 Final Considerations
	References
12 Interaction of Nanomaterials with Biological Systems
	1 Plenty of Room at the Bottom
	2 Nanotechnology and Beyond: The Past, the Present and the Future
	3 Main Classes of Nanostructured Materials
		3.1 Carbon-Based Materials
		3.2 Metal-Based Materials
		3.3 Dendrimers
		3.4 Composites
	4 General Characteristics of Nanoparticles
	5 Nanomedicine: Predictable Interactions of Nanoparticles with Biological Systems
	6 Nanomedicine in Cancer Diagnostic
	7 Nanomedicine in Cancer Treatment
	8 Limitations and Challenges of Nanomedicine
		8.1 Biological Barriers and Specific Targeting
	9 Regulatory Challenges
	10 Nanomaterials and Environment: Nanotoxicology
	11 Interactions of Silver Nanoparticles with Biological Systems
	12 Interactions of Titanium Nanoparticles with Biological Systems
	13 Interactions of Nanostructured Carbons with Biological Systems
	14 Conclusions
	References
13 Creating Smart and Functional Textile Materials with Graphene
	1 The Main Materials Based on Graphene
	2 The Applications of Graphene in the Textile Area
		2.1 Exhaustion
		2.2 Dip Coating
		2.3 Spray Coating
		2.4 Layer-by-Layer
		2.5 Silk Screen Printing
		2.6 Inkjet Print
		2.7 Extrusion
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
14 Nanotechnology Systems for Biofuels Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Biofuels Production with Nanotechnology Systems
		2.1 Biodiesel
		2.2 Bio-Jet Fuels
		2.3 Biohydrogen
		2.4 Algae-Derived Systems for Biofuels Production
		2.5 Nanosystems for Biogas Production
		2.6 Bioethanol
		2.7 Other Biofuels Production Using Nanotechnology Systems
	3 Future Trends
	4 Conclusion
	References