Nanohybrid Materials for Water Purification

Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Water Pollution Issues and Monitoring the Problems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sources of Water Pollution
		1.2 Effects of Water Pollution
		1.3 Prevention of Water Pollution
		1.4 Water Pollution Monitoring by Nanohybrid Materials
	2 Properties of Nano Hybrid Materials for Water Purification
	3 Approaches Towards Water Treatment by Nanohybrid Materials
		3.1 Magnetic Nanohybrid Materials
		3.2 Heavy Metals Removal
		3.3 Dye Removal
		3.4 Sensing
		3.5 Antifouling Behaviour
		3.6 Oily Waste
	4 Green Approach Towards Water Purification by Nano Hybrid Structures
	5 Conclusion
	References
Nanohybrid Materials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 History of Nanocomposite Materials
	2 Classification of Nanocomposites
		2.1 On the Basis of Type of Matrix
		2.2 On the Basis of Types of Fillers
	3 Synthetic Techniques
		3.1 Solution Blending
		3.2 In Situ Polymerization
		3.3 Melt Blending
		3.4 Spray Pyrolysis
		3.5 Chemical Vapour Deposition
		3.6 Sol–Gel Method
		3.7 Powder Process
		3.8 Electrospinning Technique
	4 Properties of Nanocomposites
		4.1 Thermal and Fire Retardancy
		4.2 Electronic Properties
		4.3 Mechanical Properties
		4.4 Magnetic Properties
		4.5 Self-Healing
		4.6 Optical Properties
	5 Applications of Nanocomposite Materials
		5.1 Environmental Remediation
		5.2 Energy Storage
		5.3 Construction
		5.4 Biomedical Applications
		5.5 Packaging Industry
	6 Conclusion
	References
Nanocomposites for Water Treatment
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanocomposites
		1.2 Types of Nanocomposites Used for Water Treatment
	2 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomposites
	3 Nanocomposites for Water Purification
		3.1 Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Method of Purification
	4 The Use of Nanocomposites for the Removal of Harmful Components from Waters
		4.1 Pollutant Removal from Water Matrixes
		4.2 Heavy Metal Removal from Water
		4.3 Synthetic Dye Removal from Water
	5 Removal of Contaminants by Different Water Treatment Methods
	6 The Use of TiO2 for Water Purification
	7 Alternative Nanocomposites for the Removal of Recalcitrant Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions
	References
Nanocomposites for Dye Removal from Water
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sources of Dyes and Its Classification
		1.2 Dye Removal Techniques
	2 Nanocomposite Material
		2.1 Classification of Nanocomposites
		2.2 Efficiency of Nanocomposites for Dye Removal
	References
Nanostructured Composite Materials for Treatment of Dye Contaminated Water
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Dyes
	3 Toxic Effects of Dyes
	4 Methods for Dye Removal
		4.1 Membrane Separation
		4.2 Adsorption
		4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation
		4.4 Microbial Degradation
	5 Removal of Dyes Using Nanocomposites
		5.1 Rhodamine B
		5.2 Methylene Blue
		5.3 Methyl Orange
		5.4 Malachite Green
	6 Discussion and Future Prospects
	7 Conclusion
	References
Polymer Grafted Nanocomposites for Water Decontamination
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanoparticles
		1.2 Polymer Nanocomposite (PNC)
		1.3 Grafting Technique
		1.4 Polymer Grafted Nanocomposite (P-g-NC)
	2 Approaches Towards Water Decontamination by P-g-NCs
		2.1 Dye Adsorption
		2.2 Metal Ion Removal
		2.3 P-g-NC as Antifoulant
		2.4 Desalination
	3 Conclusion
	References
Nanohybrid Polymeric Membranes for Water Purification and Separation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes
		1.2 Membrane Configuration
		1.3 Membrane Fabrications
		1.4 Membrane Materials
		1.5 Types of Nanocomposite Membrane
	2 Nanohybrid Polymeric Membranes
		2.1 Graphene Oxide
	3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Magnetic Nanohybrid Materials for Water Purification
	1 Introduction
	2 Magnetic Nanomaterials
	3 Synthesis Techniques
		3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal
		3.2 Sol–Gel Method
		3.3 Co-Precipitation
		3.4 Thermal Decomposition
		3.5 Polyol Method
		3.6 Biological Induced Methods
	4 Characterization Techniques
	5 Application in Water Purification
		5.1 Organic Pollutants
		5.2 Inorganic Pollutants
		5.3 Oil Spills
		5.4 Biological Pathogens
	6 Perspective and Conclusion
	References
Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Polymeric Hybrid Materials for Water Purification
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Nanotubes/Cyclodextrin Polymer Nanocomposites for Water Treatment
	3 Carbon Nanotubes/Chitosan Polymer Nanocomposites for Water Purification
	4 Carbon Nanotubes/Cellulose Polymer Nanocomposites for Water Decontamination
	5 Cost and Economy Value of Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Natural Polymeric Materials used as Nano-sorbents for Water Purification
	6 Conclusion
	References
Chitosan Based Nano-Hybrid Materials for Water Purification
	1 Introduction
	2 Various Techniques Available to Remove Water Pollutants
	3 Chitosan and Its Functional Modifications
		3.1 Overview of Chitin and Chitosan as Biopolymer
		3.2 Structural, Physical, and Chemical Aspects of Chitosan
	4 Chitosan Nanohybrid Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Dyes
	5 Chitosan Nanohybrid Materials for Removal of Heavy Metals
	6 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Water Decontamination
	1 Introduction
	2 Decontamination by Adsorption
	3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants
	4 Synthesis of Metal Oxide NP
	5 Metal Oxide NP Used for Water Purification
		5.1 TiO2
		5.2 Iron Oxides
		5.3 Zinc Oxide
		5.4 Copper Oxide
		5.5 Silver Oxide
		5.6 Manganese Oxide
		5.7 Cerium Oxide
		5.8 Magnesium Oxide
		5.9 Zirconium Oxide
	6 Challenges
	7 Conclusions
	References
Application of Core–Shell Nanohybrid Structures in Water Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Core Shell Nanoparticles
	3 Inorganic/Inorganic CSNP
		3.1 Silica-Based Shell
		3.2 Non Silica-Based Shell
		3.3 Semiconductor CSNP
		3.4 Semiconductor/Semiconductor CSNP
	4 Inorganic/Organic CSNP
		4.1 Magnetic/Organic CSNP
		4.2 Nonmagnetic/Organic CSNP
	5 Organic/Inorganic CSNP
	6 Organic/Organic CSNP
	7 Core/Multishell Nanoparticles
	8 Movable Core/Hollow Shell Nanoparticles
	9 Synthesis Strategies for Core–Shell Nanohybrid Materials
		9.1 Synthesis of Inorganic CSNP
		9.2 Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles
		9.3 General Characterisation of Core Shell Nanohybrid
		9.4 Application of Core–Shell Nanohybrids for Water Treatment
		9.5 Removal of Conventional Pollutants
		9.6 Radionuclide Removal
		9.7 Removal of Dyes
		9.8 Removal of Organic Pollutants
		9.9 Conclusion
	References
Future Challenges and Perspectives in Water Purification by Hybrid Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Hybrid Materials for Water Decontamination
		2.1 Elimination of Inorganic Pollutants
		2.2 Elimination of Organic Pollutants
		2.3 Elimination of Microbiological Pollutants
	3 Challenging Aspects of Hybrid Materials in Water Purification
		3.1 Scaling Up
		3.2 Stability
		3.3 Reusability and Regeneration
		3.4 Interferences
		3.5 Cost-Effectiveness
		3.6 Sustainability and Toxicity
	4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References