Nanofluids for Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals, Sustainable Manufacturing and Applications

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Nanofluids for Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals, Sustainable Manufacturing and Applications
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Contents
Foreword
Section A   Introduction to nanofluids: Fundamentals and synthesis
	1 Introduction to nanofluids
		1.1  Introduction
		1.2  Colloids and nanofluids
		1.3  Scope
		1.4  Classification of nanofluids
			1.4.1  Based on type of nanomaterial
				1.4.1.1  Pure metal-based
				1.4.1.2  Metal oxide-based
				1.4.1.3  Carbide-based
				1.4.1.4  Nitride-based
				1.4.1.5  Ferrite-based
				1.4.1.6  Sulfide-based
				1.4.1.7  Polymetallic compound-based
				1.4.1.8  Carbon-based
				1.4.1.9  Polymer-based
			1.4.2  Based on composition of nanomaterial
				1.4.2.1  Conventional or mononanofluids
				1.4.2.2  Hybrid nanofluids
			1.4.3  Based on type of base fluid
				1.4.3.1  Water-based
				1.4.3.2  Glycol-based
				1.4.3.3  Oil-based (lubricating oil, vegetable oil, kerosene, and polyol ester oil)
				1.4.3.4  Ionic liquid-based
				1.4.3.5  Refrigerant-based
		1.5  Commercial nanofluids
		References
	2 Laboratory-scale synthesis and scale-up challenges
		2.1  Introduction
		2.2  Laboratory-scale synthesis methods for nanofluids
			2.2.1  One-step method
				2.2.1.1  Physical methods
				2.2.1.2  Chemical methods
			2.2.2  Two-step method
		2.3  Performance evaluation systems and their reliability
			2.3.1  Evaluation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid and their comparison
				2.3.1.1  Problem definition
			2.3.2  Evaluation of heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and performance of nanofluid
				2.3.2.1  Problem statement
		2.4  Large-scale production of nanofluids
		2.5  Scale-up challenges and cost estimations
		2.6  Problems
		References
	3 Stability of nanofluids
		3.1  Importance and mechanism of stability of nanofluids
		3.2  Theoretical aspects
		3.3  Dispersion techniques for nanofluids
			3.3.1  Ball milling
			3.3.2  Magnetic stirring
			3.3.3  Homogenizing
			3.3.4  Ultrasonication
			3.3.5  Combination of processes
		3.4  Enhancement of stability of nanofluids and factors affecting
			3.4.1  Surface modification
				3.4.1.1  Covalent modification
				3.4.1.2  Noncovalent modification
			3.4.2  pH modification
		3.5  Evaluation of stability
			3.5.1  Sedimentation and centrifugation
			3.5.2  Zeta potential
			3.5.3  Spectral absorbency
			3.5.4  Electron microscopy
		References
Section B   Properties of nanofluids: Fundamentals and methods
	4 Thermophysical properties of nanofluids
		4.1  Introduction
		4.2  Thermal conductivity: Principle, mechanism, and measurement
			4.2.1  Factors affecting thermal conductivity
				4.2.1.1  Based on nanoparticle
				4.2.1.2  Based on base fluid
				4.2.1.3  Based on nanofluid
				4.2.1.4  Based on synthesis method
				4.2.1.5  Based on microscopic motions
			4.2.2  Possible errors in thermal conductivity measurement
			4.2.3  Theoretical models for thermal conductivity of nanofluids
		4.3  Rheological properties: Mechanism and types of rheological behaviors of nanofluids
			4.3.1  Factors affecting the rheology of nanofluids
				4.3.1.1  Based on nanoparticles
				4.3.1.2  Based on base fluid
				4.3.1.3  Based on nanofluid
			4.3.2  Theoretical models of viscosity of nanofluids
		4.4  Specific heat: Mechanism and measurement techniques
			4.4.1  Factors affecting specific heat of nanofluids
			4.4.2  Theoretical models of specific heat of nanofluids
		4.5  Density: Mechanism and measurement techniques
			4.5.1  Factors affecting density of nanofluids
			4.5.2  Theoretical models of density of nanofluids
		4.6  Surface tension: Mechanism and measurement techniques
			4.6.1  Factors affecting surface tension of nanofluids
			4.6.2  Theoretical models of surface tension of nanofluids
		4.7  Problems
		References
	5 Electrical, optical, and tribological properties of the nanofluids
		5.1  Introduction
		5.2  Measurement techniques
			5.2.1  Electrical conductivity
			5.2.2  Optical properties
			5.2.3  Tribological properties
		5.3  Factors affecting electrical conductivity of nanofluids
		5.4  Factors affecting optical properties of nanofluids
		5.5  Factors affecting tribological properties of nanofluids
		5.6  Theoretical models of electrical conductivity of nanofluids
		5.7  Theoretical models of optical properties of nanofluids
		References
Section C Theoretical aspects of nanofluids
	6 Physical models for computational studies
		6.1  Introduction
		6.2  Single-phase approaches
			6.2.1  Homogeneous model
			6.2.2  Thermal dispersion model
			6.2.3  Buongiorno model
		6.3  Two-phase approaches
			6.3.1  Eulerian-Eulerian model
				6.3.1.1  Volume of fluid model
				6.3.1.2  Mixture model
				6.3.1.3  Eulerian model
			6.3.2  Eulerian-Lagrangian model
		6.4  Lattice-Boltzmann method
		References
	7 Computational studies on nanofluid-based systems
		7.1  Introduction
		7.2  Computational fluid dynamics for nanofluid simulation
			7.2.1  Grid generation
			7.2.2  Boundary conditions
			7.2.3  Macroscopic methods
			7.2.4  Mesoscopic methods
			7.2.5  Microscopic methods
		7.3  3D modeling for computational study of nanofluids
		7.4  CFD software for nanofluid studies
		References
	8 Actual vs theoretical behavior of nanofluids
		8.1  Introduction
		8.2  Evaluation of actual vs theoretical behavior of nanofluids
			8.2.1  Round robin tests
		References
Section D   Heat and mass transfer using nanofluids: Fundamentals, applications, and challenges
	9 Heat transfer using nanofluids
		9.1  Introduction
		9.2  Measurement of heat transfer coefficient in nanofluid systems
		9.3  Convective heat transfer
			9.3.1  Natural convective heat transfer
			9.3.2  Forced convective heat transfer
		9.4  Boiling heat transfer and factors involved
			9.4.1  Pool boiling
			9.4.2  Flow boiling
		9.5  Evaporation and condensation and factors involved
			9.5.1  Evaporation in nanofluids
			9.5.2  Condensation in nanofluids
		9.6  Theoretical models for Nusselt number of nanofluids
		9.7  Pressure drop and friction factor in nanofluid flow and their theoretical models
		References
	10 Heat transfer applications of nanofluids
		10.1  Introduction
		10.2  Heating, cooling, and thermal management systems
			10.2.1  Electronics cooling systems
			10.2.2  Electrical device insulation systems
			10.2.3  Fuel cell cooling systems
			10.2.4  Automobile cooling systems
			10.2.5  Space and aviation
			10.2.6  Industrial cooling systems
		10.3  Refrigeration systems
		10.4  Solar thermal systems
		10.5  Extraction of energy sources
		10.6  Nuclear reactors
		References
	11 Mass transfer applications of nanofluids
		11.1  Introduction
		11.2  Theoretical background of mass transfer in nanofluids
			11.2.1  Mass diffusion in nanofluids
			11.2.2  Gas-liquid interphase mass transfer in nanofluids
			11.2.3  Liquid-liquid interphase mass transfer in nanofluids
		11.3  Mechanism of mass transfer in nanofluids
			11.3.1  Molecular diffusion in nanofluids
			11.3.2  Convective mass transfer in nanofluids
		11.4  Separation processes
			11.4.1  Liquid-liquid extraction
			11.4.2  Crystallization
			11.4.3  Distillation
		11.5  Catalysis
		11.6  Phase change materials
		References
	12 Other applications of nanofluids
		12.1  Introduction
		12.2  Tribological applications
		12.3  Antibacterial applications
		12.4  Medical applications
		12.5  Sensing applications
		References
	13 Future possible applications and challenges in using nanofluids
		13.1  Introduction
		13.2  Future possible applications of nanofluids
		13.3  Gaps in research
		13.4  Challenges in using nanofluids
		13.5  Health, safety, and environmental concerns
		References
Index
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