Nanofabrication for Smart Nanosensor Applications (Micro and Nano Technologies)

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Nanofabrication for Smart
Nanosensor Applications
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Contributors
Editors biography
Introduction to nanomaterials and nanomanufacturing for nanosensors
	Nanosensors
		Types of nanosensors
		Applications of nanosensors
	Nanomaterials for nanosensors
		Properties of nanomaterials for nanosensors
			Optical properties
			Electronic properties
			Magnetic properties
		Different nanomaterials for nanosensors
			Carbon nanotube
			Nanowires
			Nanoparticles
			Fullerenes
	Nanomanufacturing
		Nanomanufacturing processes
			Top-down approach
			Bottom-up approach
			Molecular self-assembly
	Nanomanufacturing processes for nanosensors
		Electron beam lithography
		Focused ion beam lithography
		X-ray lithography
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
Features and complex model of gold nanoparticle fabrication for nanosensor applications
	Introduction
		Applications of nanoparticles
		Growth of gold nanoparticles
	Mathematical model of gold nanoparticle fabrication
		Governing equation of gold nanoparticle fabrication
		Nondimensionalized parameter for governing equations
		Discretization using finite difference method for gold nanoparticle fabrication problem
		Linear system equation formulation for gold nanoparticle fabrication
		Visualization of the mathematical model for gold nanoparticle fabrication
	Numerical implementation and parallelization for gold nanoparticle fabrication
		Numerical implementation
			Alternating group explicit (AGE)
			Red-Black Gauss-Seidel method (RBGS)
			Jacobi method (JB)
		Parallelization of iterative methods for solving one-dimensional mathematical model
			1D parallel alternating group explicit method (1D PAGE)
			1D parallel Red-Black Gauss-Seidel method (1D PRBGS)
			1D parallel Jacobi method (1D PJB)
		Parallel performance evaluation for fabricating gold nanoparticles
	Conclusion and recommendation
Designing of novel nanosensors for environmental aspects
	Introduction
	ABCs of the design strategy for nano-enabled sensors
		A note on the signal transduction mechanism
			Electrical signal transduction
			Optical signal transduction
			Magnetic signal transduction
		A few representative nanomaterials and recognition elements
	Pertinent attributes for the design of nano-enabled sensors for environmental monitoring
	Exemplary evidence of novel nanosensor design strategies for environmental applications
		Pathogen detections
		Detection of heavy metals
		Unraveling the presence of pesticides
	Practical snags and future perspectives on nano-enabled sensors for environmental monitoring
	Conclusion
	References
Applications and success of MIPs in optical-based nanosensors
	Introduction
	MIPs synthesis methods
		Synthesis from monomers in the presence of the template
		Production of MIPs by phase inversion using polymer precipitation
		Soft lithography or surface stamping
	Characterization studies of MIPs
	Application of MIPs in optical nanosensors
		Optical sensor
		Immunoassay/diagnostic applications
			Cancer diagnosis
		Applications in detection of pharmaceuticals and drugs
		Applications in food and environmental sensing
	Challenges of MIPs for optical sensing systems
	Critiques and future outlook
Recent developments in nanostructured metal oxide-based electrochemical sensors
	Introduction
	Types of sensors
		Chemical sensors
		Gas sensors
		Biosensors
	Electrochemical sensors: Construction, working, and principles
	Conclusion
	References
Nanosensors and nanobiosensors: Agricultural and food technology aspects
	Introduction
	Nanobiosensors
	General characteristics and categories of nanobiosensors
	Nanobiosensors in agriculture
	Detection by nanosensors
	Nanobiosensors in different food sectors
	Development of nanosensors in agrofood sector
	Application of nanosensors in food packaging
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
Nanosensors in biomedical and environmental applications: Perspectives and prospects
	Introduction
	Biosensors
		Fundamental blocks
		Types of biosensors
			Affinity biosensor
			Metabolism biosensor
			Catalytic biosensor
			Electrochemical biosensor
			Optical biosensor
			Acoustic biosensor
	Nanosensors
	Nanobiosensors
	Types of nanobiosensors
		Nanoparticle-based biosensors
			Acoustic wave nanobiosensor
			Magnetic nanobiosensor
			Electrochemical nanobiosensor
		Nanotube-based biosensors
		Nanowire-based biosensors
		Cantilever-based biosensors
		Graphene-based biosensors
	Performance parameters of nanobiosensors
		Selectivity
		Sensitivity
		Dose-response curve
		Dynamic range
		Multiplex detection
	Applications of nanobiosensors
		Diagnostic purpose
			Blood glucose detection
			Cancer detection
			HIV detection
			Immunoassays
			Drug discovery
			Nanostructured sensing electrodes
			Detection of pathogenic bacteria
		Environmental monitoring
			Detection of toxicants
			Detection of inorganics
		Nanomedicine
			Gene therapy
	Conclusions and future directions
Nanosensors for better diagnosis of health
	Introduction
	Nanomaterials for biosensors
		Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials
		Carbon-based nanomaterials
		Nanocomposites
		Other novel nanomaterials
	Classification of biosensing nanomaterials
		Electrochemical biosensors
		Biosensors with field effect transistors
		Spectroscopic biosensors
		Latest novel biosensors
	Applications of nanomaterials in diagnosis of specific diseases
		Cancer
		Microbial infection
		Diabetes
		Other diseases
	Current challenges and future perspective
	Conclusion
	References
Nanomaterial-based gas sensor for environmental science and technology
	Introduction
	Types of sensors
		Gas sensor
		Biosensors
		Chemical sensor
	Materials used in nanosensors
		Metal sulfides
			Zinc sulfide
			Cadmium sulfide
			Lead sulfide
		Metal oxides
			Aluminum oxide
			Cadmium oxide
			Copper oxide
			Zinc oxide
		Other nanomaterials
			Noble metal nanoparticles
			Quantum dots (QDs)
			Porous silicon
	Techniques for designing nanosensors
		Physical vapor deposition technique
			Thermal evaporation
			Sputtering
			Ion plating
			Arc vapor deposition
		Chemical vapor deposition
		Screen printing
		Drop coating
		Spray pyrolysis
	Application in environmental science and technology
		Carbon monoxide sensor
		Carbon dioxide sensor
		Nitrogen oxide sensor
		Ammonia sensor
		Hydrogen sulfide sensor
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
Hybrid nanocomposites and their potential applications in the field of nanosensors/gas and biosensors
	Introduction
	Structures of nanomaterials
		Zero-dimensional structure (0-D)
		One-dimensional structure (1-D)
		Two-dimensional structure (2-D)
		Three-dimensional structure (3-D)
	Preparation of hybridized nanocomposites
		Solid-state synthesis
		Hydro-/solvothermal synthesis
		Sol-gel synthesis
		Chemical vapor deposition technique
		Microwave-assisted wet chemical method
	Invasion of hybridized nanocomposite materials
		Classification of hybrid nanocomposites
	Role of the gas sensor in various fields
	Requirements for a gas sensor
	Materials suitable for a gas sensor
	Recent developments in hybrid nanocomposite-based gas sensors
		Ammonia gas sensor
	Hybrid nanocomposites as biosensors
		Electrochemical/glucose/graphene-based biosensors
		Xanthine biosensors
		Cancer biosensor
		Food biosensors
	Conclusions, outlook, and future scope
	Conflicts of interest
	References
Design and fabrication of CNT/graphene-based polymer nanocomposite applications in nanosensors
	Introduction
	Materials and methods
		Materials
			Preparation of chitosan
			Addition of graphene nanofiller
		Thin film processing
		Characterization techniques
			Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
			Pore size characterization
			Gas permeability characterization
			Mechanical properties characterization
			Resistance measurement
		Finite element analysis
		Results and discussion
			Pore size morphology of chitosan and graphene
			Gas permeability of chitosan membranes and their nanocomposites
			Tensile properties of chitosan membranes and their nanocomposites
			The electrical conductivity of chitosan membranes and their nanocomposites
			Finite element analysis
			Recommendation
		References
Nanomaterials dispersed liquid crystalline self-assembly of hybrid matrix application towards thermal sensor
	Introduction
	Overview of liquid crystals
	Taxonomy of liquid crystals
		Thermotropic liquid crystal
		Lyotropic liquid crystal
		Functional properties and application of liquid crystal
	Important exploration of nanoscience and nanotechnology
	Drawbacks of nanomaterials
		Evaluation of nanomaterials from bulk materials
		Varieties of nanomaterials and their applications
		Dimensions of nanomaterials
	Nanomaterial dispersed liquid crystal
	Liquid crystal-based temperature sensor
		Scope of sensor
		Design and fabrication of nanomaterial dispersed liquid crystal (NLC) temperature sensor
		Experimental set-up, observation, and results
	Wireless liquid crystal temperature sensor
		Design of sensor
		Results and discussions
	Conclusions and outlook
	Benefits and future aspects
	References
Carbon-based nanomaterials as novel nanosensors
	Introduction
		Carbon-based nanomaterials
			Carbon nanotube
			Graphene
			Diamond
	Sensing properties
	Nanosensors
		Optical nanosensors
		Electromagnetic nanosensors
		Gas nanosensors
	CNT-based nanosensors
	Graphene-based nanosensors
	Diamond-based nanosensors
	Biosensors
		Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors
	Potential applications of carbon-based nanosensors
		Pharmaceutical analysis
		Bioimaging and biosensing applications
	Limitations and drawbacks of carbon-based nanosensors
		Sample preparation
		Lack of self-validation and standardization with real-life samples
		Nanotoxicity
		The risk assessment of exposures
		Product cost
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Polymerized hybrid nanocomposite implementations of energy conversion cells device
	An overview of environmental science innovations
	Polymers
		Structure of polymers
		Properties of the polymer
		Thermal properties of polymers
	Composites
	Types of composite materials
		Fiber-reinforced composites
		Particulate composite
	Electrolytes
		Liquid electrolyte
		Solid electrolyte
			Classification of solid electrolytes
		Polymer electrolyte
			Classification of polymer electrolytes
				Conventional polymer salt complex or solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)
				Plasticized polymer salt complex
				Composite polymer electrolyte (CPE)
		Gel and polymer gel electrolyte
		Polymer nanocomposite and their classifications
		Investigation of polymer nanocomposites
	Transport mechanism in nanocomposite polymer electrolyte
		VTF equation
		Arrhenius equation
	Applications of nanocomposite polymer-gel electrolytes in environmentally friendly devices
		Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
		Solid-state rechargeable battery
		Sensors
		Supercapacitors
		Photoelectrochemical cells
		Solar cells
			Objectives
	Structural and ion transport studies in (100-x) PVdF+ xNH4SCN gel electrolyte
		Membrane fabrication
		Results and discussions
			Structural characterization
				X-ray diffraction (XRD)
				Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
			Infrared spectroscopy (IR) characterization
			Electrochemical characterization
				Cyclic voltammetric study
			Electrical characterization
				Ionic conducting studies
				Dielectric studies
		Application of polymer nanocomposites in environmentally friendly devices
		Basics of fuel cells
		Working principle of fuel cells
		Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
			Applications of polymer nanocomposites in fuel cells
			EMF measurement of fuel cell testing
		Application of fuel cell
	Conclusions and outlook
	Remarks and future prospects
	References
Smart polymer systems as concrete self-healing agents
	Introduction
	Self-healing property
	Concrete self-healing mechanisms
		Autogenous
		Mineral admixtures
		Bacteria
		Adhesive materials
	Polymers in concrete self-healing
		Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
		Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)
		Polystyrene (PS)
		Polyurethanes (PUs)
		Epoxy resin
		Polyacrylates
		Alginates
		Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs)
	Trends in concrete self-healing
	Final considerations
	References
Chemical engineering of protein cages and nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications
	Introduction to chemical modification of proteins
	Uncommon viral protein cages
		Adenovirus
		Viruses as protein cages
		Qβ bacteriophage
	Nonviral protein cages
		Heat-shock proteins (Hsps)
		Ferritin
		Vault proteins (VPs)
			Background and rationale
			Significance and selectivity
			Chemical modification
	Residue-specific amino acid modification strategies
		Lysine
		Carboxyl
		Cystine
		Tyrosines
		Arginine
		Tryptophan
		Methionine
	Nanoparticles targeted for drug delivery
		Passive targeting
		Active targeting
		Advantages and disadvantages
		Applications
	References
Index
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