Nanoengineered Biomaterials for Advanced Drug Delivery (Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials)

Cover
Nanoengineered
Biomaterials for
Advanced Drug Delivery
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
Part One: Principles of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
1
Principles of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
	Principles of nanosized drug delivery systems
		Introduction
		What are nanosized drug delivery systems and why they are useful?
		Different types of nanodelivery systems
			Polymeric nanoparticles
			Liposomes
			Niosomes
			Solid lipid nanoparticles
			Micro- and nanoemulsions
			Polymeric micelles
			Dendrimers
			Inorganic nanoparticles and quantum dots
			Nanocrystals
			Protein-based and natural biopolymer-based nanoparticles
		Particle properties and related biobarrier interactions of nanosystems
			Opsonization and phagocytosis
			Particle size
			Shape
			Surface charge
			Hydrophilic/hydrophobic character
			Other factors
		Nanoparticles in medicines
			Lipid nanotechnology
			Nanoparticle nanotechnology
		Conclusions
		References
2
Controlled/localized release and nanotechnology
	Introduction
	The evolution of drug delivery systems
	Nanostructures from dimension viewpoint
		Zero-dimensional nanostructures
		One-dimensional nanostructures
		Two-dimensional nanostructures
		Three-dimensional nanostructures
	Bionanostructures
	Micro- and nanomotors
	Conclusion
	References
3
Stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems
	Introduction
	pH-sensitive drug delivery systems
	Redox-sensitive drug delivery systems
	Thermosensitive drug delivery systems
	Magnetically sensitive drug delivery systems
	Ultrasound-sensitive drug delivery systems
	Photosensitive drug delivery systems
	Electrosensitive drug delivery systems
		Intrinsically conducting polymers
		Hydrogels
	Enzyme-sensitive drug delivery systems
	Dual- and multisensitive drug delivery systems
	Conclusions
	References
4
Sustainable drug delivery systems through green nanotechnology
	Nanotechnology
	Green nanotechnology
	Green nanotechnology in drug delivery
	Classification of nanoparticles
		Liposomes
		Polymeric nanoparticles
		Dendrimer
		Quantum dots
		Silica nanoparticles
		Magnetic nanoparticles
	Metal-organic frameworks
	Green methods for synthesis of MOFs
		Mechanochemistry
		Sonochemistry
		Microwave
	Synthesis of MOFs by using bioactive molecules
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
5
Recent advances in multifunctional nanoengineered biomaterials
	Introduction
	Recent advances in imaging techniques
		Optical imaging
		Photoacoustic imaging
		Multimodality imaging
	Recent advances in biomedical applications
		Cancer theranostics
		Optogenetics
		Bacterial infections
	Conclusions
	References
Part Two: Nanoengineered biomaterials for drug delivery
6
Nanoengineered biomaterials for drug delivery
	Nanoengineered polymeric biomaterials for drug delivery system
		Introduction
			Nanoengineering in drug delivery
			Nanoengineered biomaterials for drug delivery
			Polymers in drug delivery
			Advantages and disadvantage of polymeric biomaterials
				Advantages of natural polymers
				Disadvantages
		Natural polymeric nanomaterials
			Nanopolymer of cellulose
				Drug delivery application
			Chitosan nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
			Starch nanoparticle
				Drug delivery application
			Nanoparticles of chondroitin sulfate
				Drug delivery application
			Alginate nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
			Gelatin nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
			Silk fibroin nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
			Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
		Synthetic nanopolymer and drug delivery application
			Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
			Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) nanocomposites
				Drug delivery application
			Poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
			Poly (d,l-lactic acid) nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
			Polyanhydrides nanoparticles
				Drug delivery application
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
7
Protein and peptide-based delivery systems
	Introduction
	Self-assembly in peptides and proteins
	DDS based on peptides
		Cell-penetrating peptides
		Receptor-targeting peptides
	Delivery systems based on proteins
	Conclusion
	References
8
Lipid vesicles: Potentials as drug delivery systems
	Introduction
	Lipid vesicles in drug delivery
		Liposomes
		Emulsomes
		Transfersomes
		Enzymosomes
		Ethosomes
		Cubosomes
		Sphingosomes
		Pharmacosomes
		Virosomes
		Ufasomes
	Conclusions
	References
9
Block copolymers for nanoscale drug and gene delivery
	Introduction
	Block copolymers and self-assembly
	Block copolymer as a carrier
	Rational design of block copolymer
	Temperature-responsive nanoscale block copolymer
	pH-responsive nanoscale block copolymer
	Redox-responsive nanoscale block copolymer
	Light-responsive nanoscale block copolymer
	Conclusion
	References
10
Dendrimers for drug delivery purposes
	Introduction
		Types of dendrimers
			PAMAM dendrimers
			PPI dendrimers
			PLL dendrimers
			Carbosilane dendrimers
		Generation of dendrimers
		Synthesis of dendrimers
			Divergent approach
			Convergent approach
		Dendrimer-drug interaction in drug delivery
			Delivery of small molecules
			Delivery of nucleic acids
		Routes of dendrimer delivery
			Transdermal drug delivery with dendrimers
			Intravenous delivery with dendrimers
			Pulmonary delivery
		Challenges for dendrimer-based drug delivery
	Dendrimer-based drug delivery for cancer treatment
		Delivery with nonmodified dendrimers
		Delivery with modified dendrimers
			Surface-shielded dendrimers
			Covalent drug-dendrimer conjugates
			Stimulus-sensitive dendrimer conjugates
			Tumor-targeting delivery with dendrimers
		Dendrimer-based codelivery system
			Dendrimers for codelivery of small molecule drugs
			Dendrimers for codelivery of small molecule drugs and nucleic acids
	Dendrimer-based drug delivery for antimicrobial treatment
		Antibacterial activity
		Antifungal activity
		Antiparasitic activity
	Dendrimer-based drug delivery for anti-HIV treatment
	Dendrimer-based drug delivery for osteoarthritis treatment
	Conclusion
	References
11
Reversible cross-linked polymeric micelles for drug delivery
	Introduction
	Design of reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers with single or multiple responsive properties
		Hydrolyzable reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery
		Redox-sensitive reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery
			Redox-sensitive reversibly cross-linked nanocarriers assembled from thiol-containing monomers
			Redox-sensitive reversibly cross-linked nanocarriers via incorporation of disulfide bond-containing cross-li ...
		pH-sensitive reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers for delivery purposes
		Multiresponsive reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers for delivery purposes
			pH and sugar dual-responsive reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers
			pH and reductive dual-responsive reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers
			pH and temperature dual-responsive reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers
			Temperature and reductive dual-responsive reversibly cross-linked polymeric nanocarriers
	Summary
	References
12
Polymeric micelles as delivery systems
	Introduction
	Polymeric micelles
		Classification of polymer micelles
			Block polymer micelles
			Graft copolymer micelles
			Polyelectrolyte copolymer micelles
			Noncovalently connected micelles
		The preparation method of PM
			Direct dissolution method
			Dialysis method
		Characteristics and advantages of PM system
	PM for drug and gene delivery
		pH-responsive PM delivery systems
		Reduction-responsive PM delivery systems
		ROS-responsive PM delivery systems
		Dual-responsive PM delivery systems
	PM for fluorescent dye delivery
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
13
Metallic nanoparticulate delivery systems
	Introduction
		Nanotechnology
	Metallic nanoparticlates
	Fabrication of metallic nanoparticulates
		Thermal decomposition
		Sonochemical synthesis
		Microemulsion
		Chemical reduction
		Laser ablation
		Polyol method
		Microwave-assisted method
		Green synthesis
	Application of metallic nanoparticulates in drug delivery and theranostics
		Gold nanoparticles
			AuNPs in drug delivery
			AuNPs in gene delivery
		Silver nanoparticles
			AgNPs in drug delivery
			AuNPs in gene delivery
		Magnetic nanoparticles
			MNS in drug delivery
	Metallic nanotoxicity
	Conclusion
	References
14
Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications
	Introduction
	Gold nanoparticles and drug delivery applications
		Preparation of gold nanoparticles
			Gold nanoparticle as a tool in cancer diagnostics and treatment
			Theranostic application of gold nanoparticles
			Gold nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy
				Attenuation of TLR9/IL-1 β and TGF- β 1 pathways
				Application of optical properties of gold nanoparticles to stimulate immune response
				Gene therapy
			Gold nanoparticles as a tool in gene silencing for cancer therapy
			Gold nanoparticles in type 1 diabetes
			Gold nanoparticles in delivery of antimicrobials and their potential to improve drug resistance
	Concluding remarks
	References
	Further reading
15
Silver nanoparticles for delivery purposes
	Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
	Applications of silver nanoparticles
		AgNPs as delivery systems in cancer therapy
		AgNPs as antiviral agents
		AgNPs as antimicrobial agents
	Concluding remarks and future outlook
	References
	Further reading
16
Iron oxide nanoparticles for delivery purposes
	Introduction
	Synthesis and surface modification of IONPs
		Synthesis methods
			Coprecipitation
			Thermal decomposition
			Microemulsion
			Sol-gel
			Miscellaneous methods
		Surface modification
			Molecular monolayers and polymeric coatings
			Bioconjugation
	Biocompatibility of IONPs
	IONPs for delivery of therapeutic agents
		IONPs in drug delivery
		IONPs in gene delivery
		Radiolabeled magnetic drug delivery systems
	Conclusions
	References
17
Molecular and nanoscale engineering of porous silica particles for drug delivery
	Introduction
	Engineering of porous silica materials
		Nonporous silica nanoparticles
		Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
		Surface functionalization of silica nanomaterials
		Core@shell nanocomposites
	Drug loading and release
		Drug loading methods
		Sustained and controlled release mechanisms
	Applications of porous silica nanoparticles in cellular drug delivery
		Intracellular drug delivery
		Delivery of biomolecules
			Peptides and proteins
			Nucleic acids
	Gated MSNs and advanced carrier designs
		Gated MSNs for controlled drug release
		Advanced designs on surface-drug interactions
			Bioadhesive molecules on pore walls for enhanced retention of hydrophilic drugs
			Mesoporous nanoparticles with pore walls of polydopamine for drug loading and release
	Dosage form design encompassing porous silica nanoparticles
		MSNs in printed formulations
		MSNs in orodispersible films
		MSNs in lyophilized tablet formulation
	Conclusions
	References
18
Carbon family nanomaterials for drug delivery applications
	Introduction
	Carbon-based nanomaterials
		Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles
			Surface modification of MCNs
			Drug delivery with MCNs: Immediate release systems
			Drug delivery with MCNs: Sustained release systems
			Controlled/targeted drug delivery systems
		Fullerenes
			Fullerene as drug delivery carrier
		Carbon nanotubes
			Single-walled carbon nanotubes
			Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
			Growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes
			Properties of carbon nanotubes
			Carbon nanotubes in drug delivery
		Graphene family
			Members of the graphene family
			Graphene in drug delivery
		Nanodiamonds
			Properties of nanodiamonds
			Nanodiamonds in drug delivery
	Functionalization of CNMs
	Drug-loading methods
	Concluding remarks and future perspectives
	References
Part Three: Delivery routes of nanoengineered biomaterials
19
 Delivery routes of nanoengineered biomaterials
	Potential nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs to the brain
		Introduction
		Drug delivery to brain: Various approaches
			Receptor-mediated transport systems
				Transferrin receptor
				Insulin receptor
				Low-density lipoprotein receptor
				Diphtheria toxin receptor
			Transporter-mediated transport systems
				Amino acid transporters
				Monocarboxylate transporters
				Hexose transporters
				Glutathione transporters
				Choline transporter
			Adsorptive-mediated transport systems
		Nanocarriers used in the delivery of drugs to the brain
			Polymeric nanoparticles
			Solid lipid nanoparticles
			Liposomes
			Micelles
			Dendrimers
			Miscellaneous
		Conclusion
		References
20
Nanotechnology for oral drug delivery and targeting
	Introduction
	Oral route: Boon and obstacles
		Systems targeted to the stomach/duodenum
			Polymer-lipid hybrid systems
			Mucoadhesive dendrimers
		System targeted to the small intestine/lymphatics
			Lipid-based drug delivery systems
				Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
				Mechanism of self-emulsification
				Nanoemulsions
				Nanostructured lipid carriers
				Solid lipid nanoparticles
				Liposomes
				Exosomes
			Polymeric systems
				Nanocapsules
			Polymeric carriers
		Systems targeted to the colon/large intestine
			Current oral nanodrug delivery system–based approaches to inflamed colon
			Active targeting–based strategies for oral nanodrug delivery
	Miscellaneous nanocarriers for oral drug delivery
		Nanocrystals
		Carbon nanotubes
		Metallic nanocarriers
	Conclusion and future prospects
	References
21
Nanotechnology for ocular and optic drug delivery and targeting
	Introduction
		Nanotechnology in drug delivery and targeting
		Nanotechnology and ophthalmology
	The eye with specific anatomy and physiology as a target organ for DDSs
	Strategies and routes for ocular targeted drug delivery
		Topical drug delivery
		Periocular drug delivery
		Intravitreal drug delivery
		Systemic drug delivery
	Nanosystems for ocular drug delivery and targeting
		Polymeric nanoparticles
			Chitosan-based NPs
			PLGA-based NPs
		Polymeric micelles
		Dendrimers
		Vesicular systems: Liposomes
		Solid lipid nanoparticles
	Conclusions and final remarks
	References
22
Nanoparticulate systems for dental drug delivery
	Introduction
	Oral cavity complication
		Dental caries
		Nanotechnology for treatment and prevention of dental caries
		Periodontal disease
		Nanoparticles for periodontal treatment
			Liposome
			Nanofibers
	Nanoparticles for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of oral diseases
		Liposomes
			Prevention of demineralization
			Facilitating remineralization
			Immunization with liposomes
			Physical protection by liposomes
		Polymeric micelles
		Polymeric nanoparticles
		Carbon-based nanoparticles
			Carbon nanotube
			Graphene
		Nanohydroxyapatite
		Iron oxide
		Zirconia
		Silica
		Silver (Ag) nanoparticles
	Oral cancer: An overview
		Etiopathogenesis of oral cancer
		Presenting signs and symptoms
		Treatment
		Diagnosis
			Nanobased ultrasensitive biomarker detection
		Cancer treatment by nanoparticles
			Liposomes in oral cancer treatment
			Gold nanoparticles for anticarcinogenic drug delivery
			Hydrogels
			Liquid crystals
			Cyclodextrin
			PDT using nanoparticles
			Polymeric nanoparticles
	Conclusion
	References
23
Nanotechnology for pulmonary and nasal drug delivery
	Introduction
	Fate of nanomedicines in the lungs
		Lung anatomy and drug delivery methods
		Respiratory diseases
			Asthma
			Pneumonia
			Lung cancer
		Systemic drug delivery through the pulmonary system
			Diabetes
			Gene therapy
			Antibody
			Nucleic acid
	The role of nanotechnology in nasal drug delivery
		Antibiotic
		Diabetes
		Brain-related diseases
	Conclusion
	References
24
Nanoemulsions for intravenous drug delivery
	Introduction
	Nanoemulsion formation
	Stability of nanoemulsion
	Nanoemulsion for intravenous drug delivery
		Formulation for poorly soluble drugs
		Improvement of pharmacokinetics
		Targeting
		Multifunctionality
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
25
Nanoparticles for mucosal vaccine delivery
	Introduction
	Organization of the mucosal immune system
	Routes of mucosal vaccination
	Barriers to mucosal vaccine delivery
	Nanotechnology-based solutions for mucosal vaccination
	Physicochemical properties that influence the biological performance of nanoparticles
	Nanoparticle-based delivery systems for mucosal vaccines
		Lipid-based nanoparticles
		Nanoparticles based on natural polymers
		Nanoparticles based on synthetic polymers
		Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles
		Virus-like particles and virosomes
		Gas-filled microbubbles
	Nanoparticulate pulmonary mucosal vaccination
	Conclusions and future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
26
Nanotechnology for vaginal drug delivery and targeting
	Introduction
	Vaginal drug delivery
		Advantages offered by the vaginal route
		Anatomy and physiology of the vagina
			Vaginal secretions
			Vaginal pH
			Microflora
			Enzyme activity
			Menstrual cycle
	Nanostructures for vaginal drug delivery
		Nanoparticles
			Factors influencing vaginal drug delivery
				Particle size
				Formulation components
				Surface charge
				Surface modification
				Surface functionalization
			Vaginal dosage forms for nanoparticles
				Vaginal gels
				Solid vaginal dosage forms
			pH-sensitive nanoparticles
		Liposomes
		Nanoemulsions
		Dendrimers
		Cyclodextrins
	Conclusions
	Conflict of interest
	References
27
Nanotechnology for intracellular delivery and targeting
	An overview on drug delivery systems
	Routes of administration
		Oral route
		Ocular route
		Intranasal route
		Intra-/transdermal route
		Intramuscular route
		Intravenous route
		Intratumoral route
		Intrathecal route
	Clearance and toxicity
	Challenges faced by clinical translation of drug delivery systems
	Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
Part Four: Applications of nanoengineered biomaterials in drug delivery
28
Nanoengineered biomaterials for infectious diseases
	Introduction
	Bacterial cell wall
	Mechanism of nanopatterned self-cleaning biomaterials to prevent infectious disease
	Antibacterial nanoparticles
	Conclusion
	References
29
Nanoengineered biomaterials for neurodegenerative disorders
	Introduction
	Nanobiomaterials
	Alzheimer’s disease
	Approved therapies and recent research in AD
	Nanobiomaterials in AD
		Nanobiomaterials targeting BBB penetration
		Amyloid plaque reduction by nanobiomaterials
		Nanobiomaterials targeting other AD symptoms
	Parkinson’s disease
	Approved therapies and recent research in PD
	Nanobiomaterials in PD
	Huntington’s disease
	Approved therapies and recent research in HD
	Nanobiomaterials in HD
	Early diagnostic detection using nanobiomaterials
	Challenges
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
30
Nanoengineered biomaterials for diabetes
	Introduction
	Transmucosal insulin delivery
		Glucose monitoring by external body secretions
			Glucose monitoring in sweat
			Glucose monitoring in saliva
			Glucose measurement in tears
		Transmucosal delivery of insulin
			Oral insulin delivery
			Nasal insulin delivery
			Pulmonary insulin delivery
	Transdermal delivery of insulin
		Nanoengineering for transdermal monitoring of glucose
			Follicular monitoring
			Smart tattoo monitoring
			Carbon nanotubes for glucose monitoring
		Nanoengineering for transdermal delivery of insulin
			Insulin microneedle patch
	Conclusion
	References
31
Nanoengineered biomaterials for cardiovascular disease
	Introduction
	Approaches to improve the hemocompatibility
		Nanostructured surfaces
			Methods for fabrication of nanostructured surfaces
			Anodization
			Chemical etching
			Electron beam physical vapor deposition
		Nanoparticles
	Conclusion
	References
32
Nanotechnology-based biosensors in drug delivery
	Introduction
	Terminology of biosensors
	Nanotechnology-based biosensor
	Nanomaterial-based biosensors
		Inorganic nanomaterials
		Organic nanomaterials
	Nanostructured biosensors based on biological moieties
		Nanofabricated biosensors
		Smart nanocarriers simulating biosensors
	Nanostructured biosensors in drug delivery
	Conclusion
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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