Nanobiotechnology: Applications of Nanomaterials in Biotechnology, Medicine and Healthcare

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
About the Editors
Contributors
1. Importance of Nanomaterials for Biological Applications
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Traditional Medicine in Asia: Application of Particulate Medicine
	1.3 Carbon-Based Nanoplatforms for Biological Applications
	1.4 Ceramic Nanostructures for Biological Applications
	1.5 Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
	1.6 Polymeric Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications
	1.7 Nucleic Acid Nanostructure for Biological Applications
	1.8 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
	References
2. Micro and Nanostructures in Regenerative Medicine
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Regenerative Medicine
		2.1.2 Stem Cells and Their Types
		2.1.3 Challenges in Regenerative Medicines
		2.1.4 Importance of Mimicking in vivo Microenvironment
		2.1.5 Topography
	2.2 Fabrication of Micro and Nanostructures
		2.2.1 Materials Used for Fabrication of Micro and Nanostructures
			2.2.1.1 Polymers
				2.2.1.1.1 Natural Polymers
				2.2.1.1.2 Synthetic Polymers
		2.2.2 Techniques of Fabrication
			2.2.2.1 Techniques for Fabrication of 2D Micro and Nanostructures
				2.2.2.1.1 Electrospinning
				2.2.2.1.2 Photolithography
				2.2.2.1.3 Soft Lithography
				2.2.2.1.4 Electron Beam Lithography
				2.2.2.1.5 X-ray Lithography
				2.2.2.1.6 Focused Ion Beam Lithography
				2.2.2.1.7 Nanoimprint Lithography
				2.2.2.1.8 Dip Pen Nanolithography
			2.2.2.2 Techniques for Fabrication of 3D Micro and Nanostructures
				2.2.2.2.1 Stereolithography
				2.2.2.2.2 Two Photon Lithography
				2.2.2.2.3 3D Bioprinting
		2.2.3 Characterization of Micro and Nanostructures
	2.3 Effect of Micro and Nanostructures on Cellular Behavior
		2.3.1 Mechanism of Sensing 2D and 3D Micro/Nanostructures
		2.3.2 Examples of Micro and Nanostructures Regulating Cellular Behavior
			2.3.2.1 Effect on Cellular Adhesion
			2.3.2.2 Effect on Cell Morphology and Nuclear Architecture
			2.3.2.3 Effect on Cell Proliferation
			2.3.2.4 Effect on Cell Migration
			2.3.2.5 Effect on Cellular Differentiation
			2.3.2.6 Effect on Cellular Secretome
	2.4 Future Scope
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3. Nanocellulose for Biotechnology and Medicinal Applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Properties of Nanocellulose and Preparation Strategies
		3.2.1 Types of Nanocellulose
		3.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties
		3.2.3 Feedstock for Nanocellulose Preparation
		3.2.4 Conventional Preparation Method
		3.2.5 Advance Preparation Method
	3.3 Medical Applications of Nanocellulose
		3.3.1 Drug Delivery
		3.3.2 Bio Sensing
		3.3.3 Tissue Engineering
		3.3.4 Encapsulation
		3.3.5 Other Applications
	3.4 Future Perspectives
	3.5 Conclusions
	References
4. Synthesis of Novel Nanostructured Materials: Core-Shell and Hollow Metal
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Synthesis Methods for CSHM Nanoparticles
		4.2.1 Fabrication of Hollow Metal Nanostructures through Template-Assisted Methods
		4.2.2 Electrochemical Synthesis of CSHM
		4.2.3 Synthesis of Bimetallic CSHM Nanoparticles
	4.3 Control of Shell Thickness and Composition in Core-Shell Nanoparticles
	4.4 Surface Functionalization of CSHM Nanoparticles
	4.5 Applications of CSHM Nanoparticles in Biotechnology, Medicine, and Healthcare
	References
5. Carbon Nanomaterials: Novel Structures for Biological Applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Research Trends in Carbon Nanomaterials and Their Composites for Biological Applications
	5.3 Biological Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials
		5.3.1 Biosensors
		5.3.2 Drug Delivery
		5.3.3 Cancer Therapy
		5.3.4 Tissue Engineering
		5.3.5 Antimicrobial Applications
		5.3.6 Bioimaging
		5.3.7 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
		5.3.8 Medical Implants
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6. Inorganic Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Functionalization for Medical and Biotechnological Applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Fabrication of Inorganic Nanoparticles
		6.2.1 Physical Methods
			6.2.1.1 Vapor Deposition
			6.2.1.2 Pulsed Laser-Assisted Deposition
			6.2.1.3 High-Energy Ball Milling Method
			6.2.1.4 Electrospinning and Lithography
			6.2.1.5 Arc Discharge Method
		6.2.2 Chemical Methods
			6.2.2.1 Hydrothermal Method and Solvothermal Method
			6.2.2.2 Sol-Gel Method for Fabrication of NPs
			6.2.2.3 Phase Transfer Methods
		6.2.3 Sustainable Methods
	6.3 Bio-Medical Application of Nanomaterials
		6.3.1 Examples of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Application
		6.3.2 Biosensing application
			6.3.2.1 Metal oxide NPs (MONPs)
			6.3.2.2 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs
			6.3.2.3 Cerium dioxide (CeO2) NPs
			6.3.2.4 Silicon dioxide (SiO2) NPs
			6.3.2.5 Magnetic NPs
		6.3.3 Nanomedicine and drug delivery
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7. Recent Advances in Multifunctional Biomacromolecules for Cancer Theranostics
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Status of Cancer Nanotheranostics
	7.3 Various Bionanocarriers for Cancer Theranostics
		7.3.1 Protein-Based Natural Cancer Nanotheranostics
		7.3.2 Nucleic Acid-Based Nanotheranostics
		7.3.3 Lipid Based Nanotheranostics Carriers
		7.3.4 Polysaccharide-Based Nanotheranostics Carriers
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8. Applications of Nanotechnology for Preventing Global Infectious Diseases
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Infectious Diseases
		8.2.1 Emerging Infectious Disease
		8.2.2 History and Global Burden of Infectious Diseases
		8.2.3 Pre-Existing Prevention Options of Infectious Diseases, Their Merits and Demerits
	8.3 Nanotechnology
		8.3.1 History of Nanotechnology
		8.3.2 Characteristic Features of Nanotechnology
		8.3.3 Types of Nanostructures
			8.3.3.1 Classification Based on Dimensions
			8.3.3.2 Classification Based on the Composition of the Nanostructures
		8.3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology
	8.4 Role of Nanotechnology in the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
		8.4.1 Role of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
		8.4.2 Role of Nanotechnology in the Prevention of Infectious Diseases
			8.4.2.1 Diagnosis, Tracking, and Monitoring
			8.4.2.2 Vaccine
		8.4.3 Nanoformulations (Nanomedicines and Nanovaccines) Under Clinical Trial
		8.4.4 Theranostics Involving Nanotechnology for Infectious Diseases
	8.5 COVID-19 and the Role of Nanotechnology in COVID-19
		8.5.1 COVID-19
		8.5.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19
	8.6 Application of Nanotechnology in Healthcare
	8.7 Future Improvements
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9. Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy: Current Status and Challenges
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Current Treatment Modalities
		9.2.1 Chemotherapy
		9.2.2 Phototherapy
			9.2.2.1 Photodynamic Therapy
			9.2.2.2 Photothermal Therapy
	9.3 Cancer Immunotherapy
		9.3.1 Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy
		9.3.2 NK Cells
		9.3.3 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy (CAR-T)
		9.3.4 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs)
		9.3.5 Nanoparticles as Delivery Platforms for Immunomodulatory Agents
		9.3.6 Protein-Based Immunomodulators Delivery
		9.3.7 Nucleic Acid-Based Immunomodulators Delivery
	9.4 Clinical Trials of Various Nanoformulations for Cancer
		9.4.1 Nanocarriers for Gene Delivery
	9.5 Personalized Cancer Nanomedicine
	9.6 Challenges
	9.7 Conclusions
	References
10. Developing Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery by Receptor-mediated Targeting and Transport across the Blood-brain Barrier
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Barriers to Systemic Administration of Nanoparticles Targeted to Brain RMT Receptors
	10.3 RMT at the Blood-brain Barrier
		10.3.1 Targeting Nanoparticles to RMT
		10.3.2 Internalization and Transcytosis of RMT-targeted Nanoparticles
		10.3.3 RMT of Nanoparticles in Healthy vs Diseased BBB
		10.3.4 RMT Expression in Brain Vasculature
	10.4 Nanoparticle Transport in the Extracellular Space of the Brain Parenchyma
	10.5 Microphysiological Systems and Human iPSCs to Aid Design of Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery
		10.5.1 Microphysiological Systems (MPS)
		10.5.2 Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
	10.6 Conclusions
	References
11. Nanotechnology-Based Advances in Stem Cell Research: Exploring Interactions and Applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Nanomaterials in Stem Cell Research
	11.3 0-D Nanomaterials
		11.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles
			11.3.1.1 Lipid-based Nanoparticles
			11.3.1.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		11.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
			11.3.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles
			11.3.2.2 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
			11.3.2.3 Quantum Dots
	11.4 1D Nanomaterials
		11.4.1 Nanofibers
		11.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
	11.5 2D Nanomaterials
		11.5.1 Graphene (and Its Derivatives)
		11.5.2 Black Phosphorous
		11.5.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
		11.5.4 Laponite
	11.6 3D Nanostructures
	11.7 Stem Cells and Nano-Biomaterial Interactions
	11.8 Surface Properties
	11.9 Structural Properties
	11.10 Applications of Nanomaterials in Stem Cell Research
		11.10.1 Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking
	11.11 Stem Cell-based Regenerative Medicine
		11.11.1 Bone Tissue
		11.11.2 Cardiac Tissue
		11.11.3 Nervous Tissue
		11.11.4 Skeletal Tissue
		11.11.5 Skin Tissue
	11.12 Conclusion
	References
12. Conjugated Nanoparticles for Biotechnology and Bio-Analysis
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Conjugation Strategies
		12.2.1 Noncovalent Interaction - Physical Conjugation Strategy
		12.2.2 Hydrophobic Interaction
		12.2.3 Streptavidin-Biotin Affinity Binding (Bio-Affinity Interaction)
		12.2.4 Encapsulation
		12.2.5 Covalent Interactions
			12.2.5.1 Carbodiimide Chemistry
			12.2.5.2 Maleimide-thiol Chemistry
			12.2.5.3 Click Chemistry
	12.3 Factors Affecting Conjugated System Efficiency
		12.3.1 Drug Load Onto Nanoparticle
		12.3.2 Immune Evasion
		12.3.3 Drug Release Factors
		12.3.4 Toxicity
	12.4 Available Conjugated Nanoparticles
		12.4.1 Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles
		12.4.2 Folic Acid Conjugated Nanoparticles
		12.4.3 Aptamar Conjugated Nanoparticles
		12.4.4 Lipopolysaccharide Conjugated Nanoparticles
	12.5 Applications
	12.6 Conclusions
	References
13. Quantum Dots for Bioimaging and Sensing Application
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Quantum dots basic properties
		13.2.1 Functionalization and Solubility
		13.2.2 Optical Properties
		13.2.3 Stability
	13.3 Classification of quantum dots
		13.3.1 Organic Quantum Dots
		13.3.2 Inorganic Quantum Dots
			13.3.2.1 Cadmium quantum dots
			13.3.2.2 Silver quantum dots
			13.3.2.3 Silicon QDs
	13.4 Quantum dots synthesis
		13.4.1 Top-Down Approach
			13.4.1.1 Arc-discharge technique
			13.4.1.2 Electrochemical oxidation
			13.4.1.3 Laser ablation method
		13.4.2 Bottom-up Approaches
			13.4.2.1 Microwave/ultrasonic method
			13.4.2.2 Combustion/thermal method
			13.4.2.3 Hydrothermal/ solvothermal method
	13.5 Application
		13.5.1 Bioimaging
			13.5.1.1 Dual modal imaging
			13.5.1.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
			13.5.1.3 Dynamic cellular imaging
		13.5.2 Biosensing
		13.5.3 Theranostic
	13.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
14. Unraveling Neurological Enigmas with SmFRET: Exploring the Intricacies of Neuroscience with Single-Molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (SmFRET)
	14.1 Introduction to Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
	14.2 FRET (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer)
	14.3 Single-Molecule FRET
	14.4 Selecting the Right Fluorophore Pair for SmFRET
		14.4.1 Slide Preparation and Surface Immobilization
	14.5 Experimental Approach: Surface Immobilization OR Free Diffusion
		14.5.1 Prism Type TIR and Objective-Type TIR
	14.6 F1-ATPase Conformational Cycle from Simultaneous Single-Molecule FRET and Rotation Measurements
	14.7 The Structural Arrangement and Dynamics of the Heteromeric GluK2/GluK5 Kainate Receptor as Determined by SmFRET
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
Index