NanoBioMedicine

Foreword\nPreface\nAcknowledgements\nAbout this Book\nContents\nAbout the Editors\nPart I: NanoBioMedicine: Revolutionary Interdiscipline\n	1: Current Advances in Nanotechnology and Medicine\n		1.1	 Introduction\n		1.2	 Nanotechnology in Disease Diagnosis\n			1.2.1	 Nanoparticles for In Vivo Diagnostics\n				1.2.1.1	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\n				1.2.1.2	 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)\n				1.2.1.3	 Computed Tomography (CT)\n			1.2.2	 Recent Advancement of Nano-Based Molecular Diagnostics\n				1.2.2.1	 Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs or AuNPs)\n				1.2.2.2	 Quantum Dots (QDs)\n				1.2.2.3	 Magnetic Nanoparticles\n		1.3	 Nanotechnology-Based Therapeutics\n			1.3.1	 Antimicrobial Nanoparticles\n			1.3.2	 Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy\n			1.3.3	 Nanoparticles in Antidiabetic Therapy\n			1.3.4	 Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine\n		1.4	 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System\n			1.4.1	 Impact of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System\n			1.4.2	 Journey of Nanoparticles-Based Delivery\n			1.4.3	 Nanoparticles-Based Drug Release\n			1.4.4	 Liposomes\n			1.4.5	 Hybrid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System\n		1.5	 Conclusions\n		1.6	 Future Perspectives\n		References\n	2: Nanobiotechnology: Paving the Way to Personalized Medicine\n		2.1	 Introduction\n		2.2	 Nanobiotechnology in Nanotheranostics and Nanomedicine\n		2.3	 Nanobiotechnology in P4 Medicine\n		2.4	 Personalizing Nanomedicine\n		2.5	 Omics and Nanobiotechnology\n		2.6	 Clinically Viable Nanomedicine\n		2.7	 Prospects and Challenges\n		2.8	 Conclusions\n		References\nPart II: NanoBioMedicine in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy\n	3: Antibody-Targeted Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment\n		3.1	 Introduction\n		3.2	 Cancer\n			3.2.1	 Solid Tumor\n				3.2.1.1	 Characteristics of Solid Tumors\n			3.2.2	 Nonsolid Cancer\n				3.2.2.1	 Characteristics of Nonsolid Cancer\n			3.2.3	 Tumor Microenvironment\n			3.2.4	 Tumor Vasculature\n		3.3	 Nanoparticles\n			3.3.1	 Nanoparticle Variability\n				3.3.1.1	 Gold Nanoparticles\n				3.3.1.2	 Quantum Dots\n				3.3.1.3	 Liposomes\n				3.3.1.4	 Dendrimers\n				3.3.1.5	 Polymeric Micelles\n				3.3.1.6	 Polymeric Nanoparticles\n			3.3.2	 Targeting Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment\n		3.4	 Antibodies in Cancer Therapy\n		3.5	 Antibody-Nanoparticle Bioconjugation\n			3.5.1	 Physical Methods\n			3.5.2	 Chemical Methods\n				3.5.2.1	 Random Conjugation Methods\n				3.5.2.2	 Site-Specific Conjugation Methods\n			3.5.3	 Direct Coupling of Antibody and Nanoparticles\n			3.5.4	 Conjugation of the Antibody to Nanoparticles Through Adaptor Molecules\n		3.6	 Clinical Applications of Targeting Antibody-Nanoparticle Bioconjugate for Cancer Therapy\n			3.6.1	 Targeting Solid Tumors\n				3.6.1.1	 Breast Cancer\n				3.6.1.2	 Cervical Cancer\n				3.6.1.3	 Colorectal Cancer\n				3.6.1.4	 Liver Cancer\n				3.6.1.5	 Lung Cancer\n				3.6.1.6	 Oral Cancer\n				3.6.1.7	 Ovarian Cancer\n				3.6.1.8	 Pancreatic Cancer\n				3.6.1.9	 Prostate Cancer\n				3.6.1.10	 Skin Cancer\n				3.6.1.11	 Brain Tumors and Glioblastoma\n			3.6.2	 Receptor-Based Targeting\n				3.6.2.1	 EGFR\n				3.6.2.2	 FGFR\n				3.6.2.3	 HER2\n				3.6.2.4	 VEGFR\n				3.6.2.5	 TGF-β\n			3.6.3	 Cancer Stem Cell Targeting\n		3.7	 Potential of Targeted Antibody-Nanoparticle Bioconjugate for Cancer Therapy\n		3.8	 Challenges of Targeted Antibody-Nanoparticle Bioconjugate for Cancer Therapy\n		3.9	 Conclusions\n		References\n	4: Nanomedicine in Cancer Stem Cell Therapy\n		4.1	 Introduction\n		4.2	 CSCs and Drug Resistance\n			4.2.1	 CSCs and How Does It Lead to Drug Resistance or Tumor Recurrence Condition??\n			4.2.2	 CSC Isolation and Characterization\n			4.2.3	 Dysregulated Pathways in Cancer Stem Cell’s Survival\n			4.2.4	 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutic Targets (Biomarkers) in Drug-Resistant CSCs\n			4.2.5	 Current Therapies and Challenges in Cancer Stem Cell Therapy\n		4.3	 Nanomedicine-Based Cancer Stem Cell Therapy\n			4.3.1	 Importance and Urgent Utility of Nanomedicine in Cancer Stem Cell Therapy\n			4.3.2	 Examples of Nanomedicine for Cancer Stem Cell Therapy\n				4.3.2.1	 Nucleic Acid-Loaded Nanomedicines against CSCs (miRNA, siRNA, Aptamer)\n				4.3.2.2	 Chemotherapeutic Drug-Loaded Nanomedicines Against CSCs\n				4.3.2.3	 Targeted Therapy- and Immunotherapy-Based Nanomedicines against CSCs\n				4.3.2.4	 Metabolic Target-Based Nanomedicines Against CSCs\n		4.4	 Future Directions in Nanomedicine-Mediated Cancer Stem Cell Therapy\n			4.4.1	 Synthesis of Highly Efficient Targeted Nanoparticles for CSC Therapy\n			4.4.2	 Synthesis of Nanoparticles with Deep Penetration Potentials for Effective CSC Therapy\n			4.4.3	 Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Better Cellular Internalization for Effective CSC Therapy\n			4.4.4	 Development of Nanoparticle-Mediated Genome Engineering for CSC Targeting\n		4.5	 Conclusions\n		References\n	5: Anticancerous Activity of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles\n		5.1	 Introduction: Basics of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticle\n		5.2	 Applications of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticle\n		5.3	 Synthesis of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticle\n		5.4	 Role as Potent Anticancer Agent\n			5.4.1	 Copper Oxide (CuO and Cu2O)\n			5.4.2	 Iron Oxide (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4)\n			5.4.3	 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)\n			5.4.4	 Nickel Oxide (NiO)\n		5.5	 Cerium Oxide (CeO2)\n		5.6	 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)\n			5.6.1	 Limitations\n			5.6.2	 Future Perspectives\n		References\n	6: Latest Tools in Fight Against Cancer: Nanomedicines\n		6.1	 Introduction\n		6.2	 Diagnosis\n			6.2.1	 Nanomedicine for Early Diagnosis of Cancers\n			6.2.2	 Cancer Detection\n			6.2.3	 Quantum Dots\n			6.2.4	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				6.2.4.1	 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles\n				6.2.4.2	 Gadolinium-Incorporated Nanoparticles\n		6.3	 Treatment\n			6.3.1	 Homeopathy and Cancer Therapy\n			6.3.2	 Ayurveda and Cancer Therapy\n			6.3.3	 Modern Therapy\n				6.3.3.1	 Cancer Treatment\n				6.3.3.2	 Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems\n					Passive Targeting\n					Active Targeting\n					External Stimuli-Trigger Release\n			6.3.4	 Multifunctional Nanomedicine\n			6.3.5	 Nanomedicines\n				6.3.5.1	 Natural Compound Nanocarriers\n					Lipid-Based Nanocarriers\n					Protein- and Peptide-Based Nanocarriers\n					Glycan-Based Nanocarriers\n				6.3.5.2	 Virus Nanocarriers\n					Synthetic Polymer Nanocarriers\n					Drug Conjugates\n					Inorganic Nanoparticles\n		6.4	 Opportunities and Challenges\n		6.5	 Conclusions\n		References\nPart III: Healthcare Applications of NanoBioMedicine\n	7: HIV: Biology to Treatment\n		7.1	 Introduction\n		7.2	 History\n		7.3	 HIV Disease Burden: An Improvement\n		7.4	 HIV: Molecular Biology\n			7.4.1	 Envelop (Env)\n			7.4.2	 Group-Specific Antigen (Gag)\n			7.4.3	 Negative Factor (Nef)\n			7.4.4	 Polymerase (Pol)\n			7.4.5	 Regulator of Expression of Viral Proteins (Rev)\n			7.4.6	 Transactivator of Transcription (Tat)\n			7.4.7	 Viral Infectivity Factor (Vif)\n			7.4.8	 Viral Protein R (Vpr)\n			7.4.9	 Viral Protein U (Vpu)\n			7.4.10	 Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs)\n		7.5	 HIV Replication\n			7.5.1	 Viral Attachment and Viral Entry (to the Cell)\n			7.5.2	 Reverse Transcription\n			7.5.3	 Integration of Pro-viral DNA\n			7.5.4	 Transcription and Translation\n			7.5.5	 Assembly and Release\n		7.6	 Anti-retroviral Drugs\n			7.6.1	 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)\n			7.6.2	 Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NtRTIs)\n			7.6.3	 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)\n			7.6.4	 Integrase Inhibitors (InIs)\n			7.6.5	 Protease Inhibitors (PIs)\n			7.6.6	 Fusion Inhibitors (FIs)\n		7.7	 Anti-retroviral Treatment and HIV Drug Resistance\n			7.7.1	 Highly Active Anti-retroviral Treatment (HAART)\n			7.7.2	 Salvage Therapy\n			7.7.3	 Drug Holiday\n		7.8	 How to Test Anti-HIV Drug\n		7.9	 MTT Assay for the Evaluation of Anti-HIV Effect of Anti-retroviral Drugs\n		7.10	 Rationale of Each Essential Step\n			7.10.1	 Growing or Culturing of HIV-Permissive Cells\n			7.10.2	 Plating of HIV-Permissive Cells in 96-Well Plate\n			7.10.3	 Thawing of HIV Stock\n			7.10.4	 Preparation of Drug Dilution\n			7.10.5	 Addition of Drug to the Wells\n			7.10.6	 Incubation of Drug and HIV with Cells\n			7.10.7	 Addition of MTT Dye\n			7.10.8	 Stopping the MTT Reaction\n			7.10.9	 Reading of Plate\n			7.10.10	 Calculating the Data\n		7.11	 Important Note\n		7.12	 NeuroAIDS\n		7.13	 Berlin Man: An Example for HIV Cure\n		References\n			Further Reading\n	8: Modern Approaches in Nanomedicine for NeuroAIDS and CNS Drug Delivery\n		8.1	 Introduction\n		8.2	 Epidemiology of NeuroAIDS\n		8.3	 Challenges for the Treatment\n		8.4	 Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for the Management of NeuroAIDS\n			8.4.1	 Polymeric Nano-ARTs\n			8.4.2	 Dendrimer Nano-ARTs\n			8.4.3	 Vesicular Nano-ARTs\n			8.4.4	 Lipid Nano-ARTs\n			8.4.5	 Magnetic Nano-ARTs\n			8.4.6	 Cell-Based Nano-ARTs\n			8.4.7	 Nanogels for ARV Delivery\n		8.5	 Conclusions\n		8.6	 Future Perspectives\n		References\n	9: Biomedical Applications of Viral Nanoparticles in Vaccine Therapy\n		9.1	 Introduction\n		9.2	 VNPs in Vaccine Therapy\n			9.2.1	 Criteria for Virus Selection\n			9.2.2	 Types of Viruses Used in VNPs\n		9.3	 Production of VNPs\n			9.3.1	 Bacterial Expression\n			9.3.2	 Yeast and Baculovirus Expression\n			9.3.3	 Plant-Based Expression\n		9.4	 Antigen Expression by Capsid Modification\n		9.5	 Role of VNPs in Immune Response\n			9.5.1	 Humoral Response\n			9.5.2	 Cellular Immune Response\n			9.5.3	 Immunomodulators and Adjuvants\n		9.6	 Diseases Targeted Using Plant VNPs\n			9.6.1	 Vaccines for Infectious Diseases\n			9.6.2	 Vaccines for Cancer\n			9.6.3	 Vaccines for Neurological Diseases and Addiction\n		9.7	 Future Perspectives\n		References\n	10: Advances in Phage Inspired Nanoscience Based Therapy\n		10.1	 Overview\n			10.1.1	 Therapy\n			10.1.2	 Phage Therapy\n			10.1.3	 Phage Therapy Today\n		10.2	 The History, Ecology, Structure, Functions and Properties of Bacteriophage\n			10.2.1	 Historic Context: Discovery and Early Research\n			10.2.2	 Basic Biology and Ecology of Bacteriophages\n			10.2.3	 Phages Might Be an Alternative for Antibiotics\n		10.3	 General Approaches for Obtaining Assembled Phage Therapy Particles; Phage Therapy and Nanotechnology\n			10.3.1	 Virus-Template Nanomaterials\n			10.3.2	 Nanotechnological Engineering of Bacteriophage T4 Component Proteins\n			10.3.3	 Head\n			10.3.4	 Sheath\n			10.3.5	 Tail Fibers\n			10.3.6	 Cell Penetration Occurs Through Protein Needle Motifs\n			10.3.7	 Penetration\n		10.4	 Development of Nanomaterials with Bacteriophage Chemical and Genetic Strategies\n			10.4.1	 Phage Display Technology and Phage Peptide Library\n		10.5	 Phage Therapy and Nanomedicine\n			10.5.1	 Phage Display Technology vis-a-vis Breast Cancer\n		10.6	 Artificial Bio-nanomachines, a Recent Design Based on Protein Needles from Bacteriophage T4Biophys\n			10.6.1	 Association, Engineering, and Implementation of Virus-Based Protein Nanoparticles\n		10.7	 Phage Therapy and the Future\n		References\nPart IV: NanoBioMedicine in Diagnosis and Therapy\n	11: Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Nanodiagnostics Approaches\n		11.1	 Introduction\n		11.2	 Diagnosis of Tuberculosis\n			11.2.1	 Conventional Methods\n			11.2.2	 Immunological Methods\n			11.2.3	 New Diagnostic Methods\n		11.3	 Diagnostic Gaps Between Existing Technologies and Its Unmet Clinical Need\n		11.4	 Nanotechnology\n			11.4.1	 Nanoparticles\n			11.4.2	 Types of Nanoparticle-Based Platforms\n			11.4.3	 Nanoparticle-Based Diagnostics\n			11.4.4	 Gold Nanoparticle (AuNPs)-Based Diagnostics for TB\n			11.4.5	 AuNP-Mediated Dipstick Assay\n			11.4.6	 Silica Nanoparticles-Based Detection\n			11.4.7	 Magnetic Nanoparticles-Based Detection\n			11.4.8	 Quantum Dots-Based Detection System\n			11.4.9	 Magnetic Barcode Assays\n			11.4.10	 Biosensors-Based Detection System\n		11.5	 Conclusion and Future Perspectives\n		References\n	12: Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Role of Nanoparticles Against Multi-drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)\n		12.1	 Introduction\n		12.2	 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance\n			12.2.1	 Molecular Mechanism of Resistance to First-Line Drugs\n				12.2.1.1 Isoniazid (INH)\n				12.2.1.2 Rifampicin (RIF)\n				12.2.1.3 Pyrazinamide (PZA)\n				12.2.1.4 Ethambutol (EMB)\n				12.2.1.5 Streptomycin (STR)\n			12.2.2	 Mechanism of Resistance to Second-Line Drugs\n				12.2.2.1 Fluoroquinolones (FQs)\n				12.2.2.2 Aminoglycosides\n				12.2.2.3 Ethionamide (ETA)\n				12.2.2.4 D-Cycloserine (CYS)\n				12.2.2.5 Peptides (Viomycin and Capreomycin)\n				12.2.2.6 Para Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS)\n		12.3	 Nanoparticles\n			12.3.1	 Natural Nanoparticles\n			12.3.2	 Microbial Nanoparticles\n			12.3.3	 Plants Nanoparticles\n		12.4	 Nanotechnological Approach as Antimicrobial Activity\n		12.5	 Mode of Action of Metal-Based Nanoparticles\n		12.6	 Nanoparticles Conjugated with Antibiotics\n		12.7	 Conclusion and Prospects\n		References\n	13: Nanophytotherapeutic Potential of Essential Oils Against Candida Infections\n		13.1	 Introduction\n			13.1.1	 Human Fungal Infections\n			13.1.2	 Essential Oils and Its Significance\n		13.2	 Essential Oil Classifications\n		13.3	 Mechanism of Action of Compounds in Essential Oils\n			13.3.1	 Essential Oils Targeting Cell Wall Integrity\n			13.3.2	 Essential Oils Targeting Cell Signaling\n			13.3.3	 Essential Oils Targeting Virulence Traits\n		13.4	 Essential Oils in Comparison to Known Antifungals\n		13.5	 Conclusions\n		References\nPart V: Intersection of NanoBioMedicine with Therapeutics and Diagnostics\n	14: Emerging Trends in Nanotheranostics\n		14.1	 Introduction\n		14.2	 Components of a Theranostic System\n		14.3	 Applications of Theranostic Systems\n		14.4	 Features/Characteristics of an Ideal Theranostics System:\n		14.5	 Platforms Employed for Nanomedicine Development\n		14.6	 Inorganic Platforms\n			14.6.1	 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)\n			14.6.2	 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)\n			14.6.3	 Quantum Dots (QDs)\n		14.7	 Carbon-Based Platforms\n			14.7.1	 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)\n			14.7.2	 Carbon Dots (CDs)\n		14.8	 Polymeric Platforms\n			14.8.1	 Dendrimers\n			14.8.2	 Polymeric Nanoparticles\n		14.9	 Lipid-Based Platforms\n			14.9.1	 Liposomes\n			14.9.2	 Micelles\n		14.10	 Therapy\n			14.10.1	 Chemotherapy\n			14.10.2	 Photothermal Therapy\n			14.10.3	 Photodynamic Therapy\n			14.10.4	 Radiotherapy\n			14.10.5	 Image-Guided Therapy\n			14.10.6	 Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography\n			14.10.7	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\n			14.10.8	 Optical Imaging (OI)\n			14.10.9	 Multimodal Imaging\n		14.11	 Perspective\n			14.11.1	 Nanotheranostics for Precision Medicine\n		References\nPart VI: Tools and Techniques in NanoBioMedicine\n	15: Nanodevices: The Future of Medical Diagnostics\n		15.1	 Biomedical Devices: An Introduction\n		15.2	 Role of Nanotechnology in the Modernization of Biomedical Devices\n		15.3	 Development of Biosensors for Medical Diagnostics\n		15.4	 Fabrication of Nanostructure-Based Highly Sensitive Platforms\n		15.5	 Importance of Nanobiosensors in Clinical Diagnostics\n		15.6	 Future Aspects of Nanobiosensors\n		References\n	16: Nanobiosensor: Current Trends and Applications\n		16.1	 Introduction\n		16.2	 Signal Amplification for Nanobiosensing\n		16.3	 Nanobiosensors for Biomedical Applications\n			16.3.1	 Identification of Bacterial Pathogens\n			16.3.2	 Identification of Viruses\n			16.3.3	 Detection of Cancer\n			16.3.4	 Nanosensor-Based Breath Analyzers\n		16.4	 Nanobiochip: A New Paradigm in Lab-on-a-Chip Technology\n			16.4.1	 Salient Features of Nanobiochip\n			16.4.2	 Silicon Nanobiochip\n			16.4.3	 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Biochips\n			16.4.4	 Nanolithography-Based Biochip Construction\n			16.4.5	 Nanoskiving\n			16.4.6	 Nanofluidics-Based Biochips\n			16.4.7	 Nanonose for Detection of Human Ailment\n		16.5	 Nanobiosensors for Pollution Detection\n			16.5.1	 Nanosensors for Air Pollution Detection\n			16.5.2	 Nanomaterial-Based Sensors for Water Pollutant Detection\n			16.5.3	 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Soil Pollutants\n			16.5.4	 Nanobiosensor in Agriculture Sector\n				16.5.4.1	 Nanobiosensor in Precision Farming\n				16.5.4.2	 Nanobiosensor for Detection of Residual Agrochemicals and Pathogens in Food\n		16.6	 Future Perspectives\n		References\n	17: Nanoparticles as Potential Endocrine Disruptive Chemicals\n		17.1	 Introduction\n		17.2	 Mechanism of Action of EDCs\n			17.2.1	 Hormone Sensitizer\n			17.2.2	 Changes in DNA Methylation or Histone Modifications\n			17.2.3	 EDCs That Cause Genomic Instability by Interfering with the Spindle Fiber\n		17.3	 Nanoparticles and Endocrine Disruption\n		17.4	 Commonly Used Nanoparticles and Their Impact on Health and Hormonal Functions\n			17.4.1	 Silica NPs\n			17.4.2	 Palladium (Pd) NPs\n			17.4.3	 Gold NPs (AuNPs)\n			17.4.4	 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs)\n			17.4.5	 Carbon-Based NPs\n		17.5	 Diseases Associated with Nanoparticle Exposure\n			17.5.1	 Male and Female Reproduction\n			17.5.2	 Female Reproductive System\n			17.5.3	 Male Reproductive System\n			17.5.4	 Fetal Development\n			17.5.5	 Cancer\n			17.5.6	 Neurological Disorders\n		17.6	 Conclusion\n		References\nPart VII: NanoBioMedicine: Advanced Medical Devices\n	18: Techniques to Understand Mycobacterial Lipids and Use of Lipid-Based Nanoformulations for Tuberculosis Management\n		18.1	 Introduction\n		18.2	 MTB Lipids\n		18.3	 Total Lipid Extraction\n			18.3.1	 Folch Method\n			18.3.2	 Modified Folch Method\n			18.3.3	 Bligh and Dyer Method\n			18.3.4	 Chandramouli Method\n		18.4	 Lipid Isolation Methodologies\n			18.4.1	 Fatty Acids\n				18.4.1.1	 Role in Pathogenesis\n				18.4.1.2	 Mycolic Acid Isolation Protocols\n				18.4.1.3	 TDM Isolation Protocols\n			18.4.2	 Glycerolipids\n				18.4.2.1	 Role in Pathogenesis\n				18.4.2.2	 TAG Isolation Protocol\n			18.4.3	 Glycerophospholipids\n				18.4.3.1	 Role in Pathogenesis\n				18.4.3.2	 PIM Isolation Protocols\n			18.4.4	 Saccharolipids\n				18.4.4.1	 Role in Pathogenesis\n			18.4.5	 Polyketides\n				18.4.5.1	 Role in Pathogenesis\n				18.4.5.2	 PDIM Extraction\n			18.4.6	 Prenol Lipids\n				18.4.6.1	 Role in Pathogenesis\n				18.4.6.2	 Prenol Isolation Protocol\n		18.5	 Lipid-Based Nanoformulations\n			18.5.1	 Nanoemulsion\n			18.5.2	 Solid Lipid Microparticles (SLMs)/Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)\n			18.5.3	 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLCs)\n			18.5.4	 Liposomes\n			18.5.5	 Niosomes\n		18.6	 Conclusions\n		References\n	19: Nanomaterial-Assisted Mass Spectrometry: An Evolving Cutting-Edge Technique\n		19.1	 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry\n			19.1.1	 Chromatographic Separation\n			19.1.2	 Ionization Methods\n				19.1.2.1	 ESI\n				19.1.2.2	 MALDI\n			19.1.3	 MALDI Matrices\n		19.2	 Nanomaterials and Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI)\n		19.3	 Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI)\n		19.4	 Concluding Remarks\n		References\nPart VIII: NanoBioMedicine: Risk Assessment and Management\n	20: Nanotoxicology in Medicine\n		20.1	 Introduction\n		20.2	 Mechanism of Nanotoxicity\n			20.2.1	 Molecular Toxicity of Nano-Based Drugs\n				20.2.1.1	 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Associated with ROS Production\n				20.2.1.2	 ROS Production Leading to Cyto- and Genetoxicity\n			20.2.2	 Tissue Toxicity of Nano-Based Drugs\n		20.3	 Biodistribution of Nano-Based Drugs in Terms of Toxicity\n		20.4	 Safety Assessment for Nano-Based Drugs\n		20.5	 Conclusions\n		20.6	 Future Perspectives\n		References\n	21: Cellular and Organismal Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Its Associated Health Concerns\n		21.1	 Introduction\n		21.2	 Cellular Nanotoxicity\n			21.2.1	 The Organismal Nanotoxicity\n		21.3	 Nanoparticles Affecting the Health\n			21.3.1	 Nanoparticles Linked to Cancer Development\n			21.3.2	 Nanoparticles Linked to Diabetes\n			21.3.3	 Nanoparticles Linked to Cardiovascular Diseases\n			21.3.4	 Nanoparticles Linked to Liver Diseases\n			21.3.5	 Nanoparticles Linked to Neurodegeneration\n		21.4	 Conclusions\n		References\nPart IX: NanoBioMedicine: Clinical Translation and Commercialization\n	22: Opportunities in Clinical Translation and Commercialization of Nanomedicine\n		22.1	 Introduction\n		22.2	 Nanomaterials for Nanomedicine\n		22.3	 Metallic Nanoparticles\n			22.3.1	 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Imaging\n			22.3.2	 Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy\n			22.3.3	 Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agent\n			22.3.4	 Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine\n		22.4	 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery\n		22.5	 Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy\n		22.6	 Organic and Polymeric Nanomaterials for Medicinal Use\n		22.7	 Nanoparticle-Based Medicines Approved for Clinical Trials and Applications\n		22.8	 Commercialization and Challenges in Nanomedicine\n		22.9	 Conclusions\n		References