Nanobioceramics for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Biomedicine

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Nano-bioceramics History
	1.3 Nano-bioceramics Developments
	1.4 Nano-bioceramics’ Challenges in Bone Tissue Engineering
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Bone
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Bone Biology
	2.3 Bone Physiology
	2.4 Osteogenesis
	2.5 Bone Development Mechanisms
		2.5.1 Intramembranous Bone Formation
		2.5.2 Endochondral Ossification
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Bone Cells
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Osteoprogenitors
	3.3 Osteoblasts
		3.3.1 Osteoblasts Origin
		3.3.2 Transcription Factor of Osteoblasts
		3.3.3 Osteoblasts and Materials Interaction
	3.4 Osteoclasts
		3.4.1 Osteoclastogenesis and Cell Fusion
		3.4.2 Osteoclast Isolation
		3.4.3 Factors that Increase Activity of Osteoclasts
		3.4.4 Inhibitory Factors
		3.4.5 Osteoclast Apoptosis
	3.5 Osteocytes
		3.5.1 Cell Differentiation and Origin
		3.5.2 Perilacunar Matrix Remodeling
		3.5.3 Osteocytes as Mechanosensory Cells
		3.5.4 Osteocyte Organelles
		3.5.5 The Osteocyte Apoptosis
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4 Bone Extracellular Matrix
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
	4.3 Extracellular Matrix
	4.4 Bone ECM Proteins
	4.5 Cytoskeleton Proteins
	4.6 Inorganic ECM
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Bone ECM Proteins—Part I
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Collagenous Proteins
		5.2.1 Type I Collagen
		5.2.2 Type V Collagen
	5.3 Non-collagenous Proteins
		5.3.1 Osteocalcin
		5.3.2 Osteonectin
		5.3.3 Bone Sialoproteins
		5.3.4 Proteoglycans
		5.3.5 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
		5.3.6 Growth Factors
		5.3.7 Fibronectin
		5.3.8 Osteopontin
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6 Bone ECM Proteins—Part II
	6.1 Plasmatic Proteins
		6.1.1 Transferrin
		6.1.2 Immunoglobulin
		6.1.3 Albumin
		6.1.4 α2HS Glycoprotein
		6.1.5 Phospholipid Transfer Protein
	6.2 Cytoskeleton Proteins
		6.2.1 Tensin
		6.2.2 Vinculin
		6.2.3 Paxillin
		6.2.4 Talin
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
7 Bioactivity and Osteogenic Features
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Osteointegration
		7.2.1 Osteoconductivity
		7.2.2 Osteoinductivity
	7.3 Biodegradability
	7.4 Antimicrobial Characteristics of Materials
	7.5 Angiogenesis in Bioceramic-Based Nanomaterials
	7.6 Apatite-Forming Ability
	7.7 Proliferative Materials
	7.8 Conclusion
	References
8 Nano-bioceramics
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials
		8.2.1 Hydroxyapatite
		8.2.2 Tricalcium Phosphates
		8.2.3 Crystal Structure and Thermal Stability
		8.2.4 Solubility of CaPs
	8.3 Calcium-Magnesium-Based Bioceramics
	8.4 Calcium Silicate-Based Bioceramics
		8.4.1 Akermanite
		8.4.2 Bredigite
		8.4.3 Monticellite
		8.4.4 Hardystonite
		8.4.5 Diopside
		8.4.6 Other Ceramics
	8.5 Bioglass
	8.6 3D Printing
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9 Composites for BTE
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Natural Polymers
		9.2.1 Collagen
		9.2.2 Gelatin
		9.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan
	9.3 Synthetic Polymers
		9.3.1 PLA
		9.3.2 PLLA
		9.3.3 PLGA
		9.3.4 PCL
	9.4 Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering
		9.4.1 Ceramic-Polymer Nanocomposites
		9.4.2 Ceramic-Hydrogel Nanocomposites
		9.4.3 Ceramic-Ceramics Composites
		9.4.4 Decorated Metal Particle-Based Composites
	9.5 Conclusion
	References