Nanoantennas and Plasmonics: Modelling, Design and Fabrication

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Contents
About the editors
Preface
1 Optical properties of plasmonic nanoloop antennas
	1.1 Analytical theory of impedance-loaded nanoloops
		1.1.1 Material characteristics
		1.1.2 The closed thin-wire loop
		1.1.3 The loaded loop
		1.1.4 Radiation from a driven thin-wire loop antenna
		1.1.5 The sub-wavelength resonance of loops and rings
	1.2 Analytical theory of mutual coupling in nanoloops
		1.2.1 Theory
			1.2.1.1 Pseudo-analytical representation
			1.2.1.2 Fully analytical representation
		1.2.2 Results
	1.3 Broadband superdirective radiation modes in nanoloops
	1.4 Trade-offs in electrical size, directivity, and gain for nanoloops
		1.4.1 Optimizing a single nanoloop
		1.4.2 Optimizing arrays of nanoloops
	1.5 Elliptical nanoloops
		1.5.1 Special cases
		1.5.2 The electrically small elliptical loop antenna
	1.6 Summary
	References
2 Passive and active nano cylinders for enhanced and directive radiation and scattering phenomena
	2.1 Introduction and chapter overview
	2.2 Configurations, materials, gain model, and analysis methods
		2.2.1 Configurations
		2.2.2 Materials
		2.2.3 Gain model
		2.2.4 Analysis methods
			2.2.4.1 2D nano cylinders
			2.2.4.2 3D nano cylinders
	2.3 Symmetric and asymmetric CNPs
		2.3.1 Dipole-based symmetric 2D CNPs
		2.3.2 Why go for something else? Asymmetric, holey and cake, active 2D CNPs
		2.3.3 Eccentric three-region CNPs
	2.4 Symmetric and asymmetric active 3D CNPs
		2.4.1 Symmetric active 3D CNPs
		2.4.2 Asymmetric, holey and cake, active 3D CNPs
	2.5 Symmetric multi-layer NPs
	2.6 Conclusions and summary
	Appendix A Analytical details related to the 2D CNP and ML-NP solutions
	Appendix B Analytical details of the eccentric 3Z-NP solution
	References
3 Coherent control of light scattering
	3.1 Poles and zeros of the ŝ matrix
	3.2 Coherent perfect absorption
	3.3 Virtual perfect absorption
	3.4 Coherently enhanced wireless power transfer
	3.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
4 Time domain modeling with the generalized dispersive material model
	4.1 GDM model
		4.1.1 Maxwell’s equations
		4.1.2 The GDM model
		4.1.3 The dispersion relation for the GDM model
		4.1.4 Special GDM cases: classical dispersion models
		4.1.5 GDM fits
	4.2 Numerical implementation of the GDM model
		4.2.1 Yee-based ADE GDM scheme
		4.2.2 Yee-based recursive convolution GDM scheme
		4.2.3 Yee-based universal GDM scheme
	4.3 Numerical results
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Inverse-design of plasmonic and dielectric optical nanoantennas
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Optimization methods for plasmonic and dielectric optical nanoantennas
		5.2.1 Local optimization algorithms
		5.2.2 Global optimization algorithms
		5.2.3 Multi-objective optimization algorithms
		5.2.4 Applied nanoantenna and meta-device optimization
	5.3 Optimized plasmonic nanoantennas for large field enhancement
	5.4 Nanoantenna optimization for phase-gradient metasurface applications
		5.4.1 Two-dimensional dielectric nanoantennas
		5.4.2 Three-dimensional metallodielectric nanoantennas
	5.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 Multi-level carrier kinetics models for computational nanophotonics
	6.1 Gain media models
	6.2 Saturable absorbing media
		6.2.1 Saturable absorption models with MRE
		6.2.2 Modeling reverse saturable absorption with MRE
	6.3 Multiphoton absorption models
	References
7 Nonlinear multipolar interference: from nonreciprocal directionality to one-way nonlinear mirror
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Single-element scattering response: An overview
		7.2.1 Expressions for the scattered field
		7.2.2 Linear multipolar interference
		7.2.3 Nonlinear multipolar interference
			7.2.3.1 Nonlinear multipolar modes as a result of interference between various nonlinear magnetoelectric polarizability terms
			7.2.3.2 Nonreciprocal directionality of nonlinear generation
			7.2.3.3 Inhibition of a nonlinear process
	7.3 Retrieval of the effective nonlinear multipolar polarizabilities
		7.3.1 Retrieval of multipolar partial waves
			7.3.1.1 Retrieval procedure
			7.3.1.2 Relation with numerical procedures and validation of the linear retrieval
		7.3.2 Retrieval of nonlinear magnetoelectric polarizabilities
	7.4 Single-element scattering response: implementation with physical geometry
		7.4.1 Linear multipolar polarizabilities of a dimer structure
		7.4.2 Nonlinear magnetoelectric polarizabilities of a dimer structure
			7.4.2.1 Suppression of a nonlinearly produced dipolar mode
			7.4.2.2 Example of nonreciprocal directionality of nonlinear generation
	7.5 Nonlinear scattering off a magnetoelectric metasurface
		7.5.1 Nonlinear mirror via difference frequency generation
		7.5.2 One-way nonlinear mirror via multipolar interference in nonlinearly generated field
	7.6 Concluding remarks
	References
8 Plasmonic metasurfaces for controlling harmonic generations
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Selection rule in harmonic generations for circular polarizations
	8.3 Binary phase nonlinear metasurfaces
		8.3.1 Continuous control of nonlinearity phase
	8.4 Nonlinear metasurface holography
	8.5 Nonlinear metasurface for intensity control and image encoding
	8.6 Vortex beam generation in harmonic generation
	8.7 Nonlinear imaging
	8.8 Nonlinear planar chiral metasurfaces
	8.9 Summary and outlook
	References
9 Optical nanoantennas for enhanced THz emission
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Principles of THz photoconductive antennas and photomixers
		9.2.1 Methods of coherent THz generation
		9.2.2 Pulsed THz generation in photoconductive antennas
		9.2.3 Pulsed THz detection in photoconductive antennas
		9.2.4 Continuous wave THz generation in photomixers
		9.2.5 Effect of the contact electrodes shape on the radiative characteristics of THz photoconductive antennas and photomixers
		9.2.6 How plasmonic optical nanoantennas can enhance THz generation and detection
			9.2.6.1 Strong electric field enhancement
			9.2.6.2 Reducing of the carrier screening effect
			9.2.6.3 Thermal stability enhancement
	9.3 Design of optical plasmonic nanoantennas
	9.4 Results of plasmonic nanoantennas implementation for THz generation enhancement
		9.4.1 Interdigitated electrodes
		9.4.2 Plasmon monopole nanoantennas
		9.4.3 Plasmon dipole nanoantennas
		9.4.4 2D plasmonic gratings
		9.4.5 3D plasmonic gratings
		9.4.6 Comparison of the reviewed approaches
	9.5 Enhancement of THz detection with nanoantennas
	9.6 Outlook
	References
10 Active photonics based on phase-change materials and reconfigurable nanowire systems
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Phase transition enabled tunable metadevices
		10.2.1 An electrically actuated VO2-hybrid metadevice
			10.2.1.1 Electrically switchable reflection
			10.2.1.2 Electrically programmable memory effect
			10.2.1.3 Electrically tunable IR images
		10.2.2 Conclusions and future studies
	10.3 Nanoparticle assembly-based metadevices
		10.3.1 Reconfigurable IR-polarizer based on nanowire assemblies
			10.3.1.1 The synthesis of nanowires
			10.3.1.2 The design and fabrication of microelectrodes
			10.3.1.3 The assembly mechanisms
			10.3.1.4 Gold nanowire assemblies based on electric-field DSA
			10.3.1.5 Optical simulations
			10.3.1.6 Optical characterization
		10.3.2 Conclusions and future studies
	References
11 Dancing angels on the point of a needle: nanofabrication for subwavelength optics
	11.1 Opening remarks
	11.2 Standard planar nanofabrication technologies applied to subwavelength optics
		11.2.1 Materials for subwavelength optics
			11.2.1.1 Plasmonic subwavelength optics
			11.2.1.2 Silicon-based materials
			11.2.1.3 III–V-based materials
			11.2.1.4 Chalcogenide compounds
			11.2.1.5 Phase-change materials
			11.2.1.6 2D van der Waals materials
		11.2.2 Large-scale manufacturing: a case study of optical metasurfaces
	11.3 Innovative solutions to nonconventional subwavelength optics designs
		11.3.1 HAR nanostructures
			11.3.1.1 Reactive-ion etching
			11.3.1.2 Conformal atomic layer deposition on a template
			11.3.1.3 Metal-assisted chemical etching
		11.3.2 3D structures
			11.3.2.1 Two-photon polymerization
			11.3.2.2 Interference lithography
			11.3.2.3 Membrane projection lithography
			11.3.2.4 DNA-assisted nanoparticle assembly
		11.3.3 Fabrication on unconventional substrates
			11.3.3.1 Integration on flexible and stretchable substrates
			11.3.3.2 Subwavelength optics fabrication on non-planar and irregular substrates
			11.3.3.3 The tip of a fiber—a new dancing stage for photonic engineers
	11.4 Summary and outlook
	References
Index
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