Nano Enhanced Phase Change Materials: Preparation, Properties and Applications (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

Contents
1 Introduction to Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Phase Change Materials Theory and Definition
		1.2 Conventional Phase Change Materials Limitations
	2 Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials
	3 Scope
	References
2 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
	1 Overview of PCMs
	2 PCM Characteristics
	3 Classification of PCM
	4 PCM Selection Criteria
	5 Thermal Performance Enhancement Techniques
		5.1 Thermal Performance Enhancement Using Pin–Fin Heat Sinks
		5.2 Thermal Performance Enhancement Using Metallic Foams
		5.3 Thermal Performance Enhancement Using Nanoparticles
	6 Preparation of NePCM
		6.1 Single-Step Method
		6.2 Two-Step Method
	7 Applications of NePCM
		7.1 Solar Thermal Applications
		7.2 Thermal Energy Storage Applications
		7.3 NePCM Applications in Heat Exchanger
		7.4 NePCM Applications in Lithium Batteries
		7.5 NePCM Applications in Building Comforts
	References
3 Enhancing Heat Transfer Performance with Nano Encapsulated Phase Change Materials: Synthesis and Characterization
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of Nano-encapsulated Phase Change Material
	3 Preparation of NEPCM-Based Nanofluids
		3.1 One-Step Method
		3.2 Two-Step Method
	4 Characterization of NEPCM
		4.1 X-Ray Diffraction
		4.2 SEM Analysis
		4.3 TEM Analysis
		4.4 Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
		4.5 FTIR Analysis
		4.6 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
	5 Thermo-Physical Properties of NEPCM Nanofluids
		5.1 Thermal Conductivity
		5.2 Density
		5.3 Viscosity
		5.4 Latent Heat Capacity
	6 Heat Transfer of NEPCM
	7 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
	8 Possible Future Paths for Study in NEPCM Include the Following
	References
4 Influence of Nanoparticles on Thermophysical Properties of PCMs
	1 Introduction
	2 Influence of Nanoparticles on Thermophysical Properties of PCMs
		2.1 Melting Point
		2.2 Thermal Conductivity
		2.3 Latent Heat Capacity
		2.4 Phase Change Temperature
		2.5 Viscosity
		2.6 Density
		2.7 Thermal Diffusivity
		2.8 Effect of Thermal Cycle
	3 Conclusion
	References
5 Nanostructure–based Colloidal Suspension for Thermal Enhancement for NEPCM
	1 Introduction
	2 Nano Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCMs)
		2.1 An Ideal N.E.P.C.M.
		2.2 Thermo-Physical Properties of Nano-Enhanced PCM
		2.3 Preparation Methods for NEPCM
		2.4 Applications of N.E.P.C.M.
	3 Classification of Nanostructure Based Enhanced PCM
		3.1 Nanoparticle-Based Colloidal Suspensions
		3.2 Nanotube-Based Colloidal Suspensions
		3.3 Nanofiber-Based Colloidal Suspensions
	4 Conclusions
	References
6 Theoretical Analysis and Correlations for Predicting Properties and Evaluation Methods for NePCMs
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Why Prediction and Theoretical Models?
		1.2 What Effective Medium Theory?
	2 Overview of Nano-enhanced PCMs
		2.1 Enhanced Thermal Conductivity
		2.2 Improved Stability
		2.3 Enhanced Energy Storage
		2.4 Tailored Melting/Freezing Temperature
		2.5 Compatibility with Different Type of PCMs
	3 Ideal Characteristics of Nano-enhanced PCM
		3.1 Enhanced Thermal Conductivity
		3.2 Enhanced Energy Storage Capacity
		3.3 Customizable Melting/Freezing Temperature
		3.4 Improved Thermal Stability
		3.5 Compatibility with Various PCM Types
		3.6 Reduced Size and Weight
		3.7 Environmental Friendliness
		3.8 Long Cycle Life
		3.9 Cost-Effectiveness
	4 Thermo-physical Properties of Nano-enhanced PCM
		4.1 Dynamic Viscosity
		4.2 Effective Thermal Conductivity
	5 Other Thermophysical Properties
	6 Summary
	References
7 Applications of Nano-enhanced PCMs in Solar Energy
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Nano-enhanced PCMs in Solar Energy
		2.1 Solar Water Heater
		2.2 Solar Air Heater
		2.3 Solar Collector
		2.4 Solar Cooker
		2.5 Solar Desalination
	3 Conclusion
	References
8 Application of Nano-enhanced PCMs in Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Generic Challenges with the Synthesis and Applications of NEPCM in Buildings
	3 Current Research and Different Applications of PCM/NEPCM in Buildings
	4 Concluding Remarks and Discussions
	5 Future Research Directions
	References
9 Application of Nano-enhanced PCMs in Electronic Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Nano-enhanced Phase Change Material (PCM)-Based Cooling of Electronic Devices
		2.1 Brief Overview of PCM
		2.2 Brief Overview of Nanoparticles
		2.3 Favorable Characteristics of NePCM for Thermal Management of Electronic Devices
	3 NePCM-Based Thermal Management Technologies for Electronic Devices
		3.1 NePCM-Based Heat Absorbers for Electronic Cooling
		3.2 NePCM-Based Heat Sinks for Electronic Cooling
		3.3 NePCM-Based Heat Sink with Heat Pipe for Electronic Cooling
	4 NePCM Applications for Thermal Management Electronic Devices
		4.1 ICs Chips and Boards
		4.2 Transistors and Laser Diodes
		4.3 Batteries
	5 Conclusion
	References
10 Applications of Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials in Textiles
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermal Regulation Materials
		2.1 Phase Change Materials
		2.2 Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials
		2.3 Incorporation of PCM/NePCM in Textiles
	3 Application of NePCM in Textiles
		3.1 Medical Textiles
		3.2 Automobile Textiles
		3.3 Aerospace Textiles
		3.4 Active-Wear Clothing
		3.5 Firefighting Suits
		3.6 Other Applications in Textiles
	4 Challenges
	5 Summary and Future Work
	References
11 Soft Computing Tools (Intelligent Techniques) for Nano-enhanced PCM
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nano PCM Synthesis
		1.2 Nano PCM Characterization
		1.3 Nano PCM Performance
		1.4 Applications of Nano PCMs
	2 Applications of Soft Computing Methods for Nano PCM
		2.1 Artificial Neural Networks
		2.2 Fuzzy Logic
		2.3 Support Vector Machines
		2.4 Boosted Regression Tree
		2.5 Other Contemporary ML Methods
	3 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	4 Conclusions
	References
12 Challenges and Difficulties in Developing Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials and Way Forward
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges and Difficulties
		2.1 Synthesis Technique and Their Challenges
		2.2 Stability and Durability
		2.3 Uncontrolled Operation
		2.4 Cost and Scalability
		2.5 Environmental Impact
		2.6 Safety Issues
		2.7 Way Forward in Economical Aspect
		2.8 Way Forward for Environmental Aspect
	3 Conclusion
	References