Nano-biotechnology for Waste Water Treatment: Theory and Practices (Water Science and Technology Library, 111)

Contents
About the Editors
1 Principles and Potentials of Nanobiotechnology
	1.1 Nanotechnology: An Invisible Science
	1.2 Classification of Nanoparticles
		1.2.1 Based on Origin
		1.2.2 Based on Morphology/Shape
		1.2.3 Based on Physicochemical Characteristics
	1.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles
		1.3.1 Optical Properties
		1.3.2 Magnetic Properties
		1.3.3 Electrical Properties
		1.3.4 Electronic Properties
		1.3.5 Mechanical Properties
		1.3.6 Thermal Properties
	1.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		1.4.1 Top-Down Approach
		1.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach
	1.5 Natural Compounds for Nano Biomaterials’ Synthesis
		1.5.1 Amyloid Fibrils
		1.5.2 Actin Filaments
		1.5.3 Peptides
		1.5.4 Bacteriophages
		1.5.5 Minerals
		1.5.6 Viruses
		1.5.7 Enzymes and Nucleic Acids
		1.5.8 Other Natural Polymeric Compounds as Nanobioparticles (NBPs)
	1.6 Characterization of Bionanomaterials
	1.7 Current Applications and Future Prospects of Nanobiotechnology
		1.7.1 Medical Applications
		1.7.2 Environmental Applications
		1.7.3 Energy Production
		1.7.4 Industrial Applications
		1.7.5 Applications in Electronics
		1.7.6 Agricultural Applications
		1.7.7 Food Processing and Safety
	1.8 Challenges Ahead
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
2 Application of Nano-biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment: An Overview
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Nano-based Methodologies for Wastewater Treatment
		2.2.1 Nanosorbents (Nano-adsorbents)
		2.2.2 Nano-photocatalysis
		2.2.3 Nanocatalysts
	2.3 Nanocomposite Membranes and Nanofilters
	2.4 Potential Applications of Nanobioparticles  in Water Treatment
		2.4.1 Pesticide Remediation Employing Nanobioparticles
		2.4.2 Dye Removal
		2.4.3 Heavy Metal Removal
		2.4.4 Disinfection and Microbial Control Through Nanobioparticles
		2.4.5 Ammonia and Phosphate Removal
	2.5 Sensing and Monitoring of Pollutants by Nano-bioparticles
	2.6 Challenges and Future Prospects
	2.7 Conclusions
	References
3 Emerging Nano-Bio Material for Pollutant Removal from Wastewater
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Extraordinary Properties
	3.3 Nano-Bio Materials
	3.4 Utilizations of Nano-Bio Materials in Wastewater Treatment
	3.5 Sustainability and Future Perspectives
	References
4 Application of Plant-Based Nanoparticles in Wastewater Decontamination
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Green Nanotechnology
	4.3 Plant-Derived Nanoparticles
	4.4 Mechanism
	4.5 Plant-Based Nanoparticles
	4.6 Plant Proteins as Nanoparticles
	4.7 Plant Carbohydrates as Nanoparticles
	4.8 Other Plant-Based Nanoparticles
	4.9 Application of Plant-Based Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment
	4.10 Nano-Catalysts
	4.11 Nano Adsorbents
	4.12 Nanomembranes
	4.13 Conclusion
	References
5 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Wastewater Remediation
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Water Pollution: Sources and Environmental Concerns
		5.2.1 Sources of Water Pollution
		5.2.2 Concerns of Water Pollution
	5.3 Wastewater Remediation: Existing Technologies and Recent Advances
		5.3.1 Membrane Technology
		5.3.2 Microalgal Wastewater Treatment (MWWT)
		5.3.3 Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment
	5.4 Nanoparticles as a Promising Tool of Remediation of Wastewater
	5.5 Nanoparticles: Types, Properties and Synthesis
		5.5.1 Types of Nanoparticles
		5.5.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		5.5.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles
	5.6 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticle
		5.6.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticle by Bacteria
		5.6.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticle by Fungi
		5.6.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticle by Algae
	5.7 Mechanism of Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		5.7.1 Extracellular Enzymes
		5.7.2 Intracellular Enzymes
	5.8 Characterization of Nanoparticles
		5.8.1 Morphological Characterizations
		5.8.2 Structural Characterizations
		5.8.3 Particle Size and Surface Area Characterization
		5.8.4 Optical Characterizations
	5.9 Application of Nanoparticles in Removal of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater
		5.9.1 CNTs
		5.9.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles
		5.9.3 Zero-Valent Iron
		5.9.4 Other Nanomaterials
	5.10 Application of Nanoparticles in Removal of Inorganic Pollutants from Wastewater
	5.11 Application of Nanoparticles in Removal of Pathogenic Microbes from Wastewater
		5.11.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		5.11.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles
		5.11.3 CNTs and Others
	5.12 Mechanism of Nano-Remediation of Wastewater
		5.12.1 Adsorption and Biosorption
		5.12.2 Nanofiltration
		5.12.3 Photocatalysis
		5.12.4 Disinfection and Pathological Control
		5.12.5 Sensing and Monitoring
	5.13 Constraints in Application of Nanoparticles in Water Remediation
	5.14 Conclusion and Future Prospectus
	References
6 Recent Trends in Synthesis and Applicability of GO-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Synthesis
	6.3 Morphology and Type of Graphene Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
		6.3.1 Wrinkled Reduced GO Sheets
		6.3.2 Luminescent2D GO Sheets
		6.3.3 GO-Based Membranes
	6.4 Structural Models
	6.5 Applications
		6.5.1 Adsorbents
		6.5.2 Photocatalyst
		6.5.3 Antibacterial
		6.5.4 Sensing
		6.5.5 Catalysis
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 Nanomaterials for the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants from Industrial Wastewater
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Inorganic Contaminants
	7.3 Nanomaterials
	7.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		7.4.1 Fullerenes
		7.4.2 Graphene Nanomaterials
		7.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
	7.5 Metal & Metal Oxides Nanomaterials
		7.5.1 Nano-sized Zero-valent Iron (nZVI)
		7.5.2 Nano-sized Iron Oxides
		7.5.3 Nano-sized Titanium Oxides
		7.5.4 Other Metal Oxides
	7.6 Noble Metal Nanomaterials
	7.7 Nanocomposites
	7.8 Application of Nanomaterial for Wastewater Treatment
		7.8.1 Adsorption
		7.8.2 Separation
		7.8.3 Catalytic and Photocatalytic Activity
	7.9 Limitations and Future Perspectives
	7.10 Conclusion
	References
8 Application of Nanobiotechnology for Heavy Metal Remediation
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Sources of Heavy Metals and Their Impacts on Human Health
	8.3 Heavy Metal Remediation Techniques
		8.3.1 Extraction via Electrokinetics
		8.3.2 Vitrification
		8.3.3 Soil Washing
		8.3.4 Solidification/Stabilisation
		8.3.5 Bioremediation
		8.3.6 Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Remediation
	8.4 Biotechnological Approaches to Nanoparticle Production
		8.4.1 Plant-Based Nanomaterials
		8.4.2 Bacterial Nanoparticles
		8.4.3 Fungal Nanoparticles
		8.4.4 Nanomaterials Made from Yeast
	8.5 Other Nanobiotechnological Approaches for Heavy Metal Remediation
		8.5.1 Nanobiosensors
		8.5.2 Nano-adsorbents
		8.5.3 Nano-membranes
	8.6 Future Prospects and Challenges
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9 Applications of Nanoparticles for Microbial Contaminants and Pathogens Removal from Wastewater
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Wastewater
		9.2.1 Types of Wastewater
		9.2.2 Microbial Contaminants in Wastewater
		9.2.3 Sources of Generation of Wastewater
		9.2.4 The Problem Caused by Wastewater
		9.2.5 Environmental and Human Health Effects
	9.3 Wastewater Management and Challenges
		9.3.1 Bioremediation and Control
		9.3.2 Nanobioremediation
		9.3.3 Nanobiotechnology
		9.3.4 Nanotechnology
		9.3.5 Nanoparticles
		9.3.6 Nanotechnology and the Future of Advanced Materials
	9.4 Applications of Nanotechnology
	9.5 Future Aspects of Nanotechnology Advancement and Its Scope
	9.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
10 Nano-Engineered Gold Particles for Pesticide Mineralization in Contaminated Water
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanomaterials Used for Pesticide Degradation
		10.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs)
	10.3 Synthesis of Au NPs
	10.4 Characterization of Au NPs by Different Techniques
	10.5 Pesticides
	10.6 Degradation/Mineralization of Endosulfan Pesticide (ESP) by Au NPs
		10.6.1 Literature Review
		10.6.2 Synthesis and Measurements
		10.6.3 Results and Discussion
		10.6.4 Proposed Mechanism for Degradation of ESP Using Au NPs
	10.7 Future of Problem
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
11 Nanomaterials for Remediation of Pharmaceutical Containing Aqueous Medium and Wastewaters
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater as an Environmental Concern: Composition, Generation and Hazards
		11.2.1 Composition
		11.2.2 Wastewater Generation
		11.2.3 Hazards of Pharmaceutical Wastewater
	11.3 Treatment Methods for Pharmaceutical Wastewater
		11.3.1 Physicochemical Methods
		11.3.2 Bioremediation
		11.3.3 Nanotechnology for Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment
	11.4 Nanomaterials for Treatment of Pharmaceutical Effluents
		11.4.1 Classification of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
		11.4.2 Commonly Used Nanomaterials for Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Photocatalytic Decolourization of Dyes Using Nanoparticles-Assisted Composite Catalysts
	12.1 Dyes and their Classifications
		12.1.1 Natural Dyes
		12.1.2 Synthetic Dyes
	12.2 Dyes-Based Water Pollution
	12.3 Existing Treatment Options
	12.4 Photocatalysis Approaches: Basics and Types
		12.4.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis
		12.4.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
	12.5 Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis Degradation of Dyes
		12.5.1 Nanoparticles Zeolite Composite Based Photocatalysts
		12.5.2 Nanoparticles Carbon Material Composite-Based Photocatalysts
		12.5.3 Nanoparticles Conducting Polymers Composite-Based Photocatalysts
		12.5.4 Nanoparticles Biopolymer Composite-Based Photocatalysts
	12.6 Mechanism for Photocatalyzed Dye Degradation
		12.6.1 Indirect Dye Degradation Mechanism
		12.6.2 Oxygen Ionosorption
		12.6.3 Direct Mechanism for Dye Degradation
	12.7 Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
		12.7.1 Surface and Structural Properties of the Semiconductor
		12.7.2 Effect of Particle Size
		12.7.3 Effect of pH
		12.7.4 Effect of Photocatalyst Load
		12.7.5 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration
		12.7.6 Effect of Reaction Temperature
		12.7.7 Effect of Pollutant Adsorption Strength
		12.7.8 Effect of Inorganic Salts
	References
13 Zinc Sulphide Nanoparticles as a Bacteriostatic and Invigorated Catalytic Tool for Multiple Dye Degradation: An Approach Towards Environment Remediation
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Materials and Methodology
		13.2.1 Plants Collection Site
		13.2.2 Required Chemicals
		13.2.3 Procured Bacterial Strains
	13.3 Experimental Details
		13.3.1 Green Synthesis of Zinc Sulphide Nanoparticles
		13.3.2 Characterization
		13.3.3 Bactericidal Activity
		13.3.4 Estimation of Photocatalytic Potential
	13.4 Results and Discussion
		13.4.1 Band Gap Evaluation from Optical Observations
		13.4.2 Phase/Structure Analysis
		13.4.3 Morphological Analysis
		13.4.4 Bactericidal Potential
		13.4.5 Catalytic Potential
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14 The Current Scenario in Chitosan Nanocomposite Application in Wastewater Treatment
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Recent Methods Used in the Synthesis of Nanocomposite
		14.2.1 Solvothermal Process
		14.2.2 Biogenic Synthesis
		14.2.3 Microwave Heating
	14.3 Removal of Pollutants via Nanocomposites
		14.3.1 Organic Contaminants
		14.3.2 Inorganic Contaminants
	14.4 Advancements in Chitosan Nanocomposites
		14.4.1 Chemical Modification
		14.4.2 Nanofilters
		14.4.3 Hydrogel-Based Modification
	14.5 Outlook and Conclusion
	References
15 Biochar Impregnated Nanomaterials for Environmental Cleanup
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Preparation of Nanobiochar
		15.2.1 Factors Affecting the Pyrolysis Procedure
		15.2.2 Other New Methods
	15.3 Adsorption Mechanism of Nanobiochar
	15.4 Applications of Nanobiochar in Environmental Cleanup
		15.4.1 Nanobiochar in Wastewater Treatment
		15.4.2 Nanobiochar in Soil Remediation
		15.4.3 Nanobiochar in Agriculture
		15.4.4 Nanobiochar in Air Remediation
		15.4.5 Nanobiochar in Carbon Sequestration
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
16 Application of Biomimetic Membranes for Water Purification
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Conventional Membrane for Water Purification
		16.2.1 Reverse Osmosis
		16.2.2 Forward Osmosis
		16.2.3 Electrodialysis
	16.3 Biomimetic Membrane
		16.3.1 Aquaporins
		16.3.2 Amphiphilic Polymers
		16.3.3 Substrate for Membrane Support Used in Various Techniques
	16.4 Advantages and Challenges of Biomimetic Membrane
	16.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
17 Nanobiosensors: Diagnostic Tools for Environmental Contaminants
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Nanobiosensors
	17.3 Nanomaterials for Biosensing
	17.4 Types of Nanobiosensors
		17.4.1 Mechanical Nanobiosensors
		17.4.2 Optical Nanobiosensors
		17.4.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
		17.4.4 Magnetic Biosensors
	17.5 Environmental Application of Nanobiosensors
		17.5.1 Pesticides
		17.5.2 Heavy Metals
		17.5.3 Microbes
	17.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	17.7 Conclusion
	References
18 Prospects and Challenges of Bio-Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Nanobioremediation
	18.3 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	18.4 Nanoparticles for Water Disinfection and Purification
	18.5 Nanoparticles as Sensors and Detectors for Water Pollutants
	18.6 Recent Advances in Bio-Nanomaterial and Wastewater Treatment
	18.7 Advantages and Limitations of Bio-Nanomaterials
	18.8 Future scope of Nano-Biomaterials for Water Pollution Control
	18.9 Conclusion
	References